Abstract
The present study was aimed at determining if the electroacupuncture (EA) is able to protect degenerated disc in vivo. New Zealand white rabbits () were used for the study. The rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups. EA intervention was applied to one of the four groups. Magnetic resonance imaging and Pfirrmann’s classification were obtained for each group to evaluate EA treatment on the intervertebral disc degeneration. Discs were analyzed using immunofluorescence for the labeling of collagens 1 and 2, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). For protein expression analysis, western blot was used for biglycan and decorin. Outcomes indicated that EA intervention decreased the grades compared with the compressed disc. Immunofluorescence analysis showed a significant increase of collagens 1 and 2, TIMP-1, and BMP-2 positive cells, in contrast to MMP-13 after EA treatment for 28 days. The protein expression showed a sign of regeneration that decorin and biglycan were upregulated. It was concluded that EA contributed to the extracellular matrix (ECM) anabolic processes and increased the ECM components. MMPs and their inhibitors involved in the mechanism of EA intervention on ECM decreased disc. It kept a dynamic balance between ECM synthesis and degradation.
1. Introduction
Low-back pain is a global health problem due to its high prevalence and high socioeconomic burden. It affects 70 to 85% of the population during a lifetime and 15 to 45% in a year [1]. The main cause of low back pain is disc degeneration, of which the etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving age, genetics, and biomechanical and environmental factors such as immobilization, trauma, tobacco use, diabetes, vascular disease, and infection [2–5]. Although low-back pain constitutes a major public health issue, little is known about its precise mechanisms [6]. Nonsurgical treatment modalities currently available for symptomatic disc degeneration include lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation programs, and pain medications. Among the multiple patterns of treatments, acupuncture may have a favourable effect on self-reported pain and functional limitations induced by disc degeneration [7]. Since it originated from China, it has now become worldwide in its practice [8, 9]. Increasing statistics showed that a broader population has granted it acceptance. It was reported [10] that electroacupuncture (EA) inhibits AF cell apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway and upregulates Crk and ERK2 expression. Neuropeptide, a pain controller, produced by electrical acupuncture stimulation of different frequency [11]. The CB2 receptors also contribute to the analgesic effect of EA in a rat model of inflammatory pain [12, 13]. Although the analgesic effect of acupuncture is well documented, the biological basis is still not fully understood.
Lumbar intervertebral disc is a highly specialized structure composed of a complex system of various connective tissues. The abundant fibrils of intervertebral discs are collagen type 1 and 2. As an important matrix component, the predominant proteoglycan, including decorin, biglycan, ibromodulin, and perlecan were found in the nucleus pulposus [14]. Proteoglycans provide the swelling pressure required to confer a high swelling propensity for load support and collagens resist to the volume increase involved in swelling [15–17]. One of its main functions of intervertebral disc is dampening compressive loads. Depending on the duration and extent of the loading, it leads to significant degeneration [16, 18], thus breaking the balance between extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation and resulting in a gradual loss of disc extracellular matrix and, eventually, structural failure [19].
The purpose of the current study was to determine and evaluate the effect of EA on the recovery of disc degeneration. Firstly a custom-made dynamic disc compression device was used to induce a disc degeneration model of rabbits, and then the rabbits received EA administration. For this purpose, Pfirrmann’s MRI grade scores were obtained for disc degeneration, and a quantitative molecular and histology analysis was used for (1) extracellular matrix components, including COL-1 and COL-2, biglycan, and decorin; (2) extracellular matrix regulatory factors, catabolic factors, and their inhibitors, including MMP-13, TIMP-1, and BMP-2.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
All animal procedures were performed under the approval and guidance of the Animal Care and Use Committee at Wuhan Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology. A total of 40 New Zealand skeletally mature white rabbits (3.5–4 kg) were used for the study. The rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups, and ten for each group were given different interventions at 28-day and 56-day time point [20, 21]. Both the compression group () and the EA group () were first loaded for 28 days using a custom-made external compression device to stimulate disc degeneration. After 28-day loading time, in the compression group, five were killed and the tissue was harvested, with the other five using the same device for another 28 days. In EA group, tissue was harvested for five rabbits, and the other five received EA administration for 28 days after removal of the external device. In sham compression group (), the rabbits received surgical preferment, but the lumbar body was only punctured without previous loading for 28 days () or 56 days (). Ten rabbits, which served as controls, were normally fed without surgical preferment for 28 days () or 56 days ().
2.2. Surgical Procedure
Rabbits were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate administered via the marginal ear vein. Through a dorsal approach to the lumbar spine, the custom-made external device was attached to two K-wires (1.5 mm diameter) inserted into the vertebral bodies L4 and L5 parallel to the adjacent study disc by the use of a variable-speed electric drill [22] (Figure 1(a)). After the wound was closed, in 20 animals, axial compression to the disc was created by a spring within the device to produce a disc compression force of 200 N to induce disc degeneration (Figure 1(b)). The sham compression group was performed the same way, but the external compression device was placed in situ without application of compressive force.
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2.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained for each group at days 28 and 56. Imaging was performed at 30 minutes after removal of the external fixateur to establish a new hydration equilibrium of the disc. A custom-made positioning device consisting of foamed material was used to achieve a standardized supine position of the animal. MRI was performed with a 3.0 T imager (GE, American) with a synergy spine coil receiver. T2-weighted sections in the sagittal plane were obtained in the following settings: fast spin echo sequence and time to repetition (TR) of 2200 milliseconds; time to echo (TE) of 70.7 milliseconds; matrix 336 (h) 512 (v); field of view at 120 mm; 8 excitations; section thickness of 2 mm; gap of 0.2 mm (T1: TR 375; TE 15; matrix 304 (h) 512 (v); 18 excitations). Pfirrmann’s classification [23] was used for disc degeneration grading from grade 1 to 5 (1 = normal, 2 = mild degeneration, 3 = moderate degeneration, 4 = severe degeneration, and 5 = advanced degeneration).
2.4. EA Treatment
In the EA treatment group, five of the rabbits received EA administration on the Ex-B2 (paravertebral point of L4 and L5 level on both sides) once every day, starting at the second day after the device was removed, and lasted for 28 days. Four acupuncture needles were inserted into 4 acupoints that correspond to Ex-B2 in the rabbits; EA (1 mA and 0.4 or 0.6 ms) was administered at 2 or 15 Hz for 30 minutes. Current was delivered with modified current-constant Han’s Acupoint Nerve Stimulator (Beijing, China). Ex-B2 were chosen according to the traditional Chinese medicine meridian theory and the effective use in reducing pain. During EA treatment, each rabbit was placed under an inverted clear wooden box (approximately cm) but was neither restrained nor given any anesthetic. The animals remained awake and still during EA treatment and showed no evident signs of distress.
2.5. Tissue Preparation
After 28 or 56 days of different intervention, the lumbar disc was harvested for examination of each group, including complete anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Using a vertical midline incision, the disc was divided into 2 symmetric parts. One part was immediately quick frozen in liquid nitrogen for protein expression analysis; the second part was used for immunofluorescence.
2.6. Immunofluorescence
Disc samples were fixed in formalin 4%, serially dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were sectioned transversely at a 5 m thickness using a standardized manner to ensure that each slide was obtained from the same disc area. Tissue sections were washed with 5% Tween 20 in PBS for three times, incubated in 1 N HCL for 20 min and in 3% H2O2 in distilled water for 15 min, and blocked with 5% goat serum for 30 min at room temperature to block the unspecific staining, respectively. The sections were incubated with a mixture solution of primary antibodies, antihuman COL-1 (Biorbyt, UK), antihuman COL-2 (Biorbyt, UK); antihuman BMP-2 (Bioss, Beijing, China); antihuman MMP-13 (Boster, Wuhan, China); antihuman TIMP-1 (Bioss, Beijing, China) for 48 h at 4°C, washed three times in PBS, and incubated in the secondary antibody, goat antirabbit immunoglobulin G (red fluorescence, diluted 1 : 300; Boster, Wuhan), on a rocking bed (away from light) for 2 h under room temperature, respectively. For control staining, primary antibody was omitted. The tissue sections were mounted on glass slides, washed four more times with running water, dried under room temperature and away from light, and sealed with coverslips at last. The analysis was performed using a light microscope NIKON Eclipse 80i with an objective magnification of 200x and software Analysis Pro 3.1. Visualization was performed with avidin-biotin complex method. The fluorescence intensity was measured by Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (USA).
2.7. Western Blotting Analysis
Total protein was extracted from the tissue in RIPA lysis buffer (containing protease and phosphatase inhibitor mixtures) by using a tissue homogenizer, followed by clearing tissue debris by centrifugation at 13000 rpm at 4°C for 20 min. Fifty micrograms of protein were loaded per lane and separated by 10% SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and, then, transferred onto PVDF membranes. Blocking was carried out in 5% nonfat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 0.1% Tween 20 for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were incubated with primary antibody rabbit antidecorin (diluted 1 : 200; Boster, Wuhan, China); anti-biglycan (diluted 1 : 200; Bioss, Beijing, China) over night at 4°C and with secondary antibody (1 : 40000 dilution of goat antirabbit Immunoglobulin G) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Boster, Wuhan, China) for 1 h at room temperature on the following day. Immunoblotting signal was detected by ECL (enhanced chemiluminescence) on chemiluminescent films following exposure to an X-ray. For densitometric analyses, the blots were scanned and quantified using BandScan software, and the result was expressed as the ratio of target gene immunoreactivity to GAPDH immunoreactivity.
2.8. Statistical Analysis
The data collected in the present study were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) and analyzed by one-way repeated measures ANOVA to determine differences between two groups. was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of EA on MRI Grade Scores in Disc Degeneration
The MRI assessment showed that the healthy and compressed discs are clearly differentiated on the T2-weighted image, and the signal intensity of the nucleus pulposus decreased progressively during the 28-day compression period, with the lowest signal intensity after compression for 56 days. Different images showed that the device was able to induce the IVD model. According to Pfirrmann’s MRI grade scores, which indicate the degree of disc degeneration, grade IV degenerative changes were first detected at 28 days after compression, and grade IV or V was detected 56 days after loading. In contrast, the control and sham groups remained relatively constant during the 28- or 56-day period, with grade I on T2-weighted imaging. After EA intervention for 28 days, the degree of degenerated disc was characterized by grade III or IV, compared to the model group in 28 days and 56 days and EA group in 28 days () (Figure 2).
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3.2. The Effects of EA on ECM Components in Disc Degeneration
Immunofluorescence labeling was used to detect the immunoreactivity of COL-1 (Figure 3) and COL-2 (Figure 4). In comparison with the control group and the sham compression group, the immunoactivity levels of COL-1 and COL-2 in the compressed disc were found to be decreased significantly (). After EA intervention, the immunoreactions positive cells in the 56 days of EA group were found to be obviously higher than that in the model group and the 28 days in the EA group ().
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Western blot analysis demonstrated that no significant changes were found between control and sham compression groups at any time point. Compared with the two groups, the relative expression levels of biglycan (Figure 5) () and decorin (Figure 6) () protein in disc were apparently decreased in the model group. Following EA intervention, the expression in the EA group was considerably higher than those in the model group and the 28 days in the EA group. (). A trend to stimulated expression was found in matrix components.
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3.3. The Effect of EA on ECM Regulatory Factor in Disc Degeneration
MMPs are a family of inducible, zinc-dependent, secreted, or cell surface based endopeptidases that are centrally involved in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMP-13, also known as collagenase-3, is the principal interstitial collagenase in this species and has a high specificity for degrading insoluble fibrillar collagens, especially types II and I collagens [24, 25]. In contrast, TIMP-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of bone matrix degradation that binds tightly to active MMP-13, thereby downregulating MMP-13 activity. BMP-2, one of the growth factors, has been found to be capable of enhancing cell proliferation and ECM synthesis in vitro and in vivo. We detected MMP-13 by the immunofluorescence method and found that MMP-13 immunoreactivity in the compressed disc was increased compared with the control group, of which the positive cells were not even detectable (). Following EA intervention, the immunoreactivity level was downregulated () (Figure 7).
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TIMP-1, inhibitor of ECM catabolic factors, and the growth factor BMP-2 were detected by the same method. Compared with the control group and the sham group, the immunoreactivity level of TIMP-1 was lower in the compressed disc (), which was in contrast to the MMP-13 (Figure 8). After EA intervention, immunoreactivity level was upregulated in comparison with the model group (). The result of BMP-2 was similar to that observed in TIMP-1 (Figure 9).
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4. Discussion
At present, the methods available to delay degeneration of intervertebral discs include direct injection of cytokines, cell transplantation into intervertebral discs, or tissue engineering. Increasing attention has been paid to the regeneration of functional tissue based on the restoration of the ECM integrity by cell therapy [26, 27]. However, both current nonsurgical treatment modalities and surgical options for severe symptomatic intervertebral disc degeneration have limited and inconsistent clinical results [28]. EA treatments are effective approaches, which offer the potential to halt, retard, or even reverse disc degeneration and restore physiologic disc function. Our study provides new information about the mechanisms underlying the protected effect of EA on disc degeneration. The present study indicated that EA had anabolic and anticatabolic effects on the regulation of extracellular matrix in IVD degeneration model as assessed by MRI, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses.
First, the current results from the imaging studies support the opinion that EA intervention resulted in a number of slowly progressive and reproducible MRI changes over 28 days. MRI technique allows the definition of IVD based on the tissue hydration shown by the intensity of the T2ws in the NP and various classification systems [29, 30]. It was the gold standard for the clinical investigation of IVD integrity in humans and animal study. The pictures of rabbit lumbar spines in the research showed a significant decrease of nucleus pulposus hydration after 28 days of compression, in contrast to sham compression or controlled discs. Thus indicating a loading-dependent loss and the appearance of a dark transverse band. This data is quite similar to that observed in humans during the course of IVD degeneration. On the other hand, Pfirrmann’s classification system was used to assess the effect of EA on the degree of degeneration. It was found that the degeneration grade on MRI was significantly decreased after EA treatment compared with the compressed disc. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the EA intervention in a disc degeneration animal model.
Second, we have shown that EA increases extracellular matrix protein expression and the immunoreactivity level, of which biglycan, decorin, COL-1, and COL-2 were significantly stimulated when compared with compressed discs. Histology and protein analysis are consistent with the abovementioned MRI findings. This sequence helps understand the fact that the intervertebral disc degeneration is characterised by ECM decrease, resulting from an imbalance between the anabolic and catabolic processes [31]. It was known that the intervertebral disc consists of COL-1 in the outer anulus fibrosus and the widespread COL-2. Small proteoglycans are represented by decorin in the anulus fibrosus and biglycan in the nucleus pulposus [32]. Those are the important composition of ECM. Its major function is water binding capacity affected by negatively charged glycosaminoglycans [33]. The amount of ECM is dependent on the balance between its production and digestion, and this is a sort of state of dynamic equilibrium [34, 35]. Studies [36] have reported that distraction resulted in stimulated ECM gene expression and increased numbers of protein-expressing cells, showing evidence of regenerative potential. In the current study we achieved the similar result and found that EA method plays the same role as distraction in disc repair. The immunofluorescence findings showed confirmatory characteristics of disc renewal and improved lamellar architecture after EA treatment for 28 days, and the number of COL-1 and COL 2 positive cells was significantly increased. And also the protein expression of biglycan and decorin in the EA group was considerably higher than those in the model group and the 28 days in the EA group. These results suggest that the nutrient supply in the disc was increased by EA treatment, particularly for proteoglycan content.
Third, we studied the role of EA played in the ECM regulatory factors, including MMP-13, TIMP-1, and BMP-2, in disc degeneration. It is likely that ECM regulatory factors involved in the mechanism of EA intervention on disc ECM decrease.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibitors of MMPs, a kind of enzymes which mediate the catabolic process, have been reported to play a major role in the disc degeneration process [37–40], which are stimulated at an early stage of disease and initiate matrix degradation. MMP-13, known as one of the markers for degradation, is probably the most trustworthy among the various MMPs proteins modulated in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. The increase in MMP13 could therefore be a major contributor to IVD degeneration as it has been extensively reported in cartilage degradation during OA [41, 42]. In ECM metabolism, much evidence for TIMP functions has been accumulated [43, 44]. TIMPs inhibit MMPs by 1 : 1 interaction with zinc-binding site [44]. TIMP-1 is a known endogenous inhibitor of MMP-1 and MMP-3 [45]. BMP-2 is a potent osteoinductive agent [46] and plays a major role as a growth factor during early chondrogenesis [47]. Previous study [36] supports that BMP-2 was involved in disc metabolism and may reflect anabolic behavior in the disc reorganization process. In vitro delivery of the anticatabolic genes TIMP-1 and BMP-2 cause the increase of proteoglycans in cultured degenerated human disc cells. In our study, a positive MMP-13 result was found in compressed disc, whereas, in control or sham compression discs, the immunoreaction positive cells were not even detectable. Following EA intervention for 28 days, the immunoreactivity level decreased compared with the discs loaded for 28 or 56 days. However, the expressions of TIMP-1 and BMP-2 are totally different from MMP-13. Although a causative role has not been proved, our results support the hypothesis that ECM regulatory factors participate in the reorganization process of disc disease treated with the EA method.
In summary, the author performed this in vivo study to determine the effect of EA treatment in a degenerated disc rabbit model. The results in images confirmed that EA reduced Pfirrmann’s MRI grade scores. EA increased BMP-2 and TIMP-1 and decreased MMP-13 in the immunoreactivity or protein leve; subsequently it enhances the synthesis of matrix proteoglycan, diminishes the degradation of COL-1 and-2 in disc tissues, and, eventually, showed the anabolic effect on degenerated discs. These results indicate that EA therapy has significant potential for treatment of degenerative disc disease. However, further research is needed on the specific signaling pathways mediated by EA method.
Abbreviations
| EA: | Electroacupuncture |
| MRI: | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| BMP: | Bone morphogenetic protein |
| MMPs: | Matrix metalloproteinases; |
| TIMPs: | Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases |
| COL: | Collagen |
| ECM: | Extracellular matrix |
| GAPDH: | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| PBS: | Phosphate buffered saline |
| FITC: | Fluorescein isothiocyanate |
| AOD: | Average optical density. |
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there was no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
The present study was supported by a Grant from the National Natural Science Foundation (no. 81173324), the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province (no. 2010CD034), and the Young Scientists Project of Hubei Province (no. NX2011-15).