Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Bathing Effects of Various Seawaters on Allergic (Atopic) Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Hairless Mice

Table 11

Submandibular LN tissues histomorphometry after 6 weeks of continuous bathing on seawaters or topical application of DEXA in DNCB-induced AD mice.


Index	Controls		DEXA	Bathing on
Index	Intact	DNCB	DEXA	WSSW	WSGW	ESSW	ESGW

Total Th	0.73 ± 0.17	1.70 ± 0.39^a	0.98 ± 0.20^bc	1.34 ± 0.14^ac	1.09 ± 0.17^ac	1.28 ± 0.22^ac	0.97 ± 0.12^bc
Follicles	11.38 ± 2.77	35.00 ± 5.81^a	14.50 ± 2.73^c	28.25 ± 5.60^ac	22.88 ± 3.60^ac	25.25 ± 5.75^ac	14.63 ± 2.07^ac
Cortex Th	353.27 ± 104.03	981.34 ± 123.88^a	399.76 ± 98.96^c	822.82 ± 100.84^ac	753.92 ± 123.13^ac	807.70 ± 119.32^ac	528.73 ± 128.20^ac
Immunoreactive cells
TNF-α	7.52 ± 2.03	131.36 ± 24.32^d	20.13 ± 11.80^de	94.60 ± 12.60^de	65.21 ± 23.35^de	91.63 ± 14.44^de	38.52 ± 11.13^de
IFN-γ	7.80 ± 5.27	206.72 ± 15.82^d	18.97 ± 5.99^de	157.95 ± 25.35^de	79.41 ± 15.14^de	112.41 ± 14.85^de	46.65 ± 27.73^de
iNOS	8.65 ± 4.11	153.55 ± 24.80^d	19.38 ± 7.03^de	113.57 ± 21.64^de	64.26 ± 12.58^de	82.10 ± 26.17^de	37.52 ± 15.17^de
IL-1β	15.07 ± 6.75	123.60 ± 20.31^d	43.47 ± 12.23^de	94.51 ± 13.83^de	63.23 ± 95.66^de	78.81 ± 18.19^de	42.50 ± 14.74^de
IL-2	2.85 ± 1.54	84.57 ± 17.53^d	15.30 ± 5.39^de	45.56 ± 13.55^de	29.20 ± 7.20^de	31.96 ± 8.98^de	21.36 ± 72.07^de

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of eight hairless mice. AD = allergic/atopic-like dermatitis; DNCB = 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene; DEXA = dexamethasone-water soluble; WSSW = west surface seawater collected around Wepo-ri (Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea); WSGW = west saline groundwater collected at Yonggungoncheon (Seokmo-do, Republic of Korea); ESSW = east surface seawater collected around Nagok-ri (Uljin, Republic of Korea); ESGW = east saline groundwater collected around Hoojeong-ri (Uljin, Republic of Korea); LN = lymph node; Th = thickness; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase (); TNF = tumor necrosis factor. ^a and ^b as compared with intact control by LSD test; ^c as compared with DNCB control by LSD test; ^d as compared with intact control by MW test; ^e as compared with DNCB control by MW test.