Bathing Effects of Various Seawaters on Allergic (Atopic) Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Hairless Mice
Table 9
Immunohistochemical skin tissues histomorphometry after 6 weeks of continuous bathing on seawaters or topical application of DEXA in DNCB-induced AD mice.
Antiserum
Controls
DEXA
Bathing on
Intact
DNCB
WSSW
WSGW
ESSW
ESGW
Caspase-3
3.13 ± 1.96
85.00 ± 7.33a
37.00 ± 10.62ab
71.13 ± 7.04ab
54.25 ± 10.62ab
64.13 ± 11.47ab
34.13 ± 10.74ab
PARP
6.50 ± 2.20
85.00 ± 10.01c
21.38 ± 5.40cd
69.25 ± 9.47ce
48.00 ± 14.58cd
55.13 ± 11.29cd
38.63 ± 12.32cd
Nitrotyrosine
16.38 ± 3.74
87.63 ± 6.55c
16.63 ± 3.50d
71.38 ± 10.93cd
42.50 ± 10.63cd
60.75 ± 12.38cd
27.25 ± 7.27cd
4-HNE
3.63 ± 1.41
85.38 ± 12.78c
24.25 ± 7.03cd
67.50 ± 6.12ce
55.38 ± 11.12cd
64.13 ± 11.78cd
39.63 ± 15.05cd
MMP-9
10.37 ± 5.62
55.34 ± 10.24a
38.74 ± 10.80ab
41.53 ± 6.54ab
34.69 ± 7.06ab
39.28 ± 7.70ab
24.68 ± 6.22ab
IFN-γ
7.42 ± 2.04
138.52 ± 25.95c
39.46 ± 15.48cd
110.67 ± 13.62ce
83.71 ± 13.67cd
101.45 ± 12.69cd
61.28 ± 12.98cd
iNOS
6.68 ± 2.14
237.05 ± 28.70c
62.15 ± 20.37cd
196.20 ± 23.12ce
133.28 ± 39.82cd
154.53 ± 20.51cd
88.08 ± 19.61cd
IL-1β
4.83 ± 2.37
185.70 ± 26.59c
41.73 ± 14.26cd
129.77 ± 31.57cd
87.36 ± 13.42cd
110.18 ± 11.01cd
62.02 ± 17.18cd
IL-2
3.52 ± 1.75
86.46 ± 20.19c
17.15 ± 6.12cd
45.13 ± 9.42cd
30.47 ± 11.94cd
39.48 ± 17.42cd
23.50 ± 5.76cd
TNF-α
5.22 ± 1.29
65.15 ± 14.79c
16.42 ± 5.19cd
38.96 ± 14.48cd
24.26 ± 3.42cd
32.67 ± 9.78cd
20.97 ± 2.58cd
Values are expressed as mean ± SD of eight hairless mice. AD = allergic/atopic-like dermatitis; DNCB = 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene; DEXA = dexamethasone-water soluble; WSSW = west surface seawater collected around Wepo-ri (Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea); WSGW = west saline groundwater collected at Yonggungoncheon (Seokmo-do, Republic of Korea); ESSW = east surface seawater collected around Nagok-ri (Uljin, Republic of Korea); ESGW = east saline groundwater collected around Hoojeong-ri (Uljin, Republic of Korea); PARP = cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; 4-HNE = 4-hydroxynonenal; MMP = matrix metalloprotease; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase (); TNF = tumor necrosis factor. a as compared with intact control by LSD test; b as compared with DNCB control by LSD test; c as compared with intact control by MW test; d and e as compared with DNCB control by MW test.