Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Bathing Effects of Various Seawaters on Allergic (Atopic) Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Hairless Mice

Table 9

Immunohistochemical skin tissues histomorphometry after 6 weeks of continuous bathing on seawaters or topical application of DEXA in DNCB-induced AD mice.


Antiserum	Controls		DEXA	Bathing on
Antiserum	Intact	DNCB	DEXA	WSSW	WSGW	ESSW	ESGW

Caspase-3	3.13 ± 1.96	85.00 ± 7.33^a	37.00 ± 10.62^ab	71.13 ± 7.04^ab	54.25 ± 10.62^ab	64.13 ± 11.47^ab	34.13 ± 10.74^ab
PARP	6.50 ± 2.20	85.00 ± 10.01^c	21.38 ± 5.40^cd	69.25 ± 9.47^ce	48.00 ± 14.58^cd	55.13 ± 11.29^cd	38.63 ± 12.32^cd
Nitrotyrosine	16.38 ± 3.74	87.63 ± 6.55^c	16.63 ± 3.50^d	71.38 ± 10.93^cd	42.50 ± 10.63^cd	60.75 ± 12.38^cd	27.25 ± 7.27^cd
4-HNE	3.63 ± 1.41	85.38 ± 12.78^c	24.25 ± 7.03^cd	67.50 ± 6.12^ce	55.38 ± 11.12^cd	64.13 ± 11.78^cd	39.63 ± 15.05^cd
MMP-9	10.37 ± 5.62	55.34 ± 10.24^a	38.74 ± 10.80^ab	41.53 ± 6.54^ab	34.69 ± 7.06^ab	39.28 ± 7.70^ab	24.68 ± 6.22^ab
IFN-γ	7.42 ± 2.04	138.52 ± 25.95^c	39.46 ± 15.48^cd	110.67 ± 13.62^ce	83.71 ± 13.67^cd	101.45 ± 12.69^cd	61.28 ± 12.98^cd
iNOS	6.68 ± 2.14	237.05 ± 28.70^c	62.15 ± 20.37^cd	196.20 ± 23.12^ce	133.28 ± 39.82^cd	154.53 ± 20.51^cd	88.08 ± 19.61^cd
IL-1β	4.83 ± 2.37	185.70 ± 26.59^c	41.73 ± 14.26^cd	129.77 ± 31.57^cd	87.36 ± 13.42^cd	110.18 ± 11.01^cd	62.02 ± 17.18^cd
IL-2	3.52 ± 1.75	86.46 ± 20.19^c	17.15 ± 6.12^cd	45.13 ± 9.42^cd	30.47 ± 11.94^cd	39.48 ± 17.42^cd	23.50 ± 5.76^cd
TNF-α	5.22 ± 1.29	65.15 ± 14.79^c	16.42 ± 5.19^cd	38.96 ± 14.48^cd	24.26 ± 3.42^cd	32.67 ± 9.78^cd	20.97 ± 2.58^cd

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of eight hairless mice. AD = allergic/atopic-like dermatitis; DNCB = 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene; DEXA = dexamethasone-water soluble; WSSW = west surface seawater collected around Wepo-ri (Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea); WSGW = west saline groundwater collected at Yonggungoncheon (Seokmo-do, Republic of Korea); ESSW = east surface seawater collected around Nagok-ri (Uljin, Republic of Korea); ESGW = east saline groundwater collected around Hoojeong-ri (Uljin, Republic of Korea); PARP = cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; 4-HNE = 4-hydroxynonenal; MMP = matrix metalloprotease; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase (); TNF = tumor necrosis factor. ^a as compared with intact control by LSD test; ^b as compared with DNCB control by LSD test; ^c as compared with intact control by MW test; ^d and ^e as compared with DNCB control by MW test.