Effects of a Mindfulness Meditation Course on Learning and Cognitive Performance among University Students in Taiwan
Table 3
Unadjusted means of College Learning Effectiveness Inventory (CLEI) and computer cognitive tasks at week 3 and week 15 for the intervention group and control group ().
Variable
Mean (standard deviation)
P value
Intervention
Control
Pretest score (week 3)
Posttest score (week 15)
score
Pretest score (week 3)
Posttest score (week 15)
score
College Learning Effectiveness Inventory (CLEI)
Full scale score
127.3 ± 17.5
129.8 ± 17.5
2.5 ± 11.1
127.4 ± 19.2
127.7 ± 18.9
0.3 ± 9.2
0.063
(1) Emotional satisfaction score
17.4 ± 3.3
17.7 ± 3.3
0.3 ± 2.8
17.5 ± 3.5
17.7 ± 3.6
0.2 ± 2.1
0.641
(2) Management score
13.8 ± 2.7
14.0 ± 2.8
0.2 ± 2.2
13.2 ± 3.0
13.1 ± 2.8
−0.1 ± 1.8
0.267
(3) Achievement
17.0 ± 3.0
17.1 ± 3.1
0.1 ± 2.4
17.1 ± 3.3
17.1 ± 3.3
0.0 ± 2.0
0.601
(4) Stress
17.3 ± 2.7
17.2 ± 2.7
−0.1 ± 2.2
16.4 ± 3.4
16.5 ± 3.1
0.1 ± 2.0
0.541
(5) Attention to study
16.6 ± 3.3
16.5 ± 3.2
−0.1 ± 2.4
16.3 ± 3.4
16.4 ± 3.1
0.2 ± 2.0
0.340
(6) Class communication
12.0 ± 2.4
11.8 ± 2.5
−0.2 ± 1.7
12.5 ± 2.7
12.6 ± 2.5
0.1 ± 1.4
0.155
(7) Confidence
10.8 ± 2.1
10.8 ± 2.1
−0.1 ± 1.8
10.6 ± 2.6
10.8 ± 2.5
0.2 ± 1.7
0.246
(8) Involvement with college activity
12.8 ± 2.1
12.8 ± 2.1
0.0 ± 2.1
13.0 ± 2.6
13.0 ± 2.5
−0.1 ± 1.8
0.687
(9) Friendship
11.0 ± 2.0
10.6 ± 2.1
−0.3 ± 1.9
10.7 ± 2.3
10.8 ± 2.1
0.1 ± 1.6
0.050
Computer cognitive task
(1) Digit vigilance task
Accuracy (%)
81.8 ± 16.1
86.4 ± 11.8
4.6 ± 20.3
80.1 ± 14.5
81.6 ± 15.7
1.5 ± 21.9
0.348
Reaction time (msec)
32.8 ± 6.2
30.7 ± 4.6
−2.1 ± 8.2
33.7 ± 6.0
33.3 ± 7.9
−0.4 ± 10.5
0.247
(2) Choice reaction time
Accuracy (%)
70.7 ± 17.7
75.0 ± 13.3
4.3 ± 22.2
65.4 ± 20.5
67.9 ± 20.6
2.5 ± 27.7
0.639
Reaction time (msec)
38.2 ± 9.1
38.4 ± 6.4
0.2 ± 10.4
37.6 ± 10.4
38.5 ± 9.2
0.9 ± 13.4
0.698
(3) Spatial working memory
Accuracy (%)
83.6 ± 12.0
84.6 ± 6.5
1.0 ± 13.8
81.4 ± 12.9
81.3 ± 13.2
−0.2 ± 17.7
0.620
Reaction time (msec)
21.7 ± 5.5
20.9 ± 4.1
−0.8 ± 6.7
21.2 ± 6.7
22.0 ± 7.9
0.8 ± 10.7
0.220
(4) Memory scanning task
Accuracy (%)
83.7 ± 14.7
84.6 ± 9.4
0.8 ± 17.4
82.3 ± 12.6
82.5 ± 12.9
0.1 ± 18.3
0.805
Reaction time (msec)
33.7 ± 6.5
32.0 ± 4.8
−1.8 ± 7.9
33.7 ± 5.2
32.8 ± 5.5
−0.8 ± 7.6
0.450
values were calculated by independent -test comparing between intervention group and control group. : posttest values minus pretest values.
