Fcγ and Complement Receptors and Complement Proteins in Neutrophil Activation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Contribution to Pathogenesis and Progression and Modulation by Natural Products

Table 2

Herbal preparations, plant extracts, isolated compounds, and dietary antioxidants tested in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis.

Therapy	Source	Model	Effect	Reference
Huo-Luo-Xiao-Ling Dan; (herbal formula)		AIA; rat	↓ pannus formation, ↓ synovial mononuclear cell infiltration.; ↓ bone and cartilage destruction.; ↓ synovial levels of IL-18, IL-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9.	[134]
Oldenlandia diffusa; (decoction)		CIA; rat	Improves general health conditions.; ↓ serum levels of IL-1 and TNF-.; ↓ redness, ↓ swelling, and ↓ hyperemia of ankle and toe joints.	[135]
Terminalia arjuna; (bark extract)		CIA; rat	Antioxidant effect correlates positively with antiarthritic activity.; ↓ hind paw swelling, ↓ neutrophil infiltration, ↓ articular elastase level.; ↓ joint levels of nitrites and oxidized lipids.; Attenuates the fall in reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels.; ↑ joint catalase activity.	[136]
Withania somnifera; (aqueous extract of root)		CIA; rat	↓ systemic oxidative stress: ↓ lipid peroxidation levels, ↓ glutathione-S-transferase activity, ↑ glutathione content in plasma, ↑ ferric-reducing ability of plasma.; ↓ arthritic index and ↓ production of C-reactive protein and antinuclear antibodies in an extent comparable to methotrexate.	[137]
Polyphenol-rich extract	Extra virgin olive oil	CIA; mouse	↓ joint edema, ↓ cell migration, ↓ cartilage degradation, ↓ bone erosion.; ↓ levels of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2.; ↓ expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1.; ↓ translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus.	[138]
Apocynin	Commercial	ZIA; mouse	Partially reverses the inflammation-induced inhibition of cartilage proteoglycan synthesis.	[139]
Coenzyme Q10	Commercial	AIA; rat	Potentiates the methotrexate action to reduce hind paw volume and to lower the levels of IL-1 and oxidized lipids and proteins in plasma.; Mitigates the inhibitory action of methotrexate in the phagocytic capacity, oxidative burst, and metabolic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils.	[140]
Eleutheroside E	Acanthopanax senticosus Radix eleutherococci	CIA; mouse	Ameliorates arthritis severity.; ↓ NF-κB activity, ↓ inflammatory cell infiltration, ↓ TNF- and IL-6 production.; ↓ pannus formation, ↓ cartilage damage, ↓ bone erosion.	[141]
Ferulic acid	Oldenlandia diffusa	CIA; rat	Improves general health conditions.; ↓ serum levels of IL-1 and TNF-.; ↓ redness, ↓ swelling, and ↓ hyperemia of ankle and toe joints.	[135]
Hesperidin	Commercial	CIA; rat	Antiarthritic activity correlates positively with antioxidant effect.; ↓ paw erythema and edema, ↓ cell infiltration.; ↓ pannus formation, ↓ synovial hyperplasia, ↓ bone resorption.; ↓ joint levels of neutrophil elastase, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation.; Mitigates depletion of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.	[133, 142]
Platycodin D	Platycodi radix	CIA; mice	Antiarthritic activity correlates positively with antioxidant effect.; ↓ cytokine production by splenocytes.; ↓ joint swelling and ↓ synovial infiltration of inflammatory cells.; ↓ the levels of myeloperoxidase, oxidized lipids, IL-6, and TNF- in the inflamed paw.	[143]
Quercetin	Commercial	AIA; rat	Ameliorates clinical signs of the disease.; ↓ production of inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide in macrophages.	[144]

AIA: adjuvant-induced arthritis; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; IL: interleukin; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; TNF-: tumor necrosis factor-; ZIA: zymosan-induced arthritis.