|
Intervention | Positive evidence | Negative evidence | Inconclusive |
|
Mind/Body interventions |
Mind/Body interventions in general | (i) Effects on pain [53] (ii) More effective than usual care for some outcomes [63] | | |
Meditation-based interventions | (i) Mostly positive results [50] (ii) Most studies indicate improvement [64] | | |
Mindfulness-based stress reduction | Moderate short-term effects on FMS key symptoms [65] | | |
Hypnosis/guided imagery | Strong short-term effects on pain [61] | | |
Biofeedback | (i) Limited evidence for biofeedback [52] (ii) Moderate effects on pain for EMG biofeedback [62] | (i) No positive results [50] (ii) No effects of EEG biofeedback [62] | |
Relaxation | Limited evidence [52] | | |
Autogenic training | | No effects of autogenic training [50] | |
|
Exercised-based CAM |
Qigong | (i) Moderate-to-strong short-term effects on FMS key symptoms [56] (ii) Moderate effect on functional disability [57] (iii) A positive trend [53] | (i) No positive results [50] (ii) No evidence of effects [55] | Too early to draw conclusions [54] |
Tai Chi | (i) Strong effect on functional disability [57] (ii) Moderate effect on sleep quality [55] (iii) One study in favor of tai chi [53] | | |
Yoga | (i) Significant effects on pain, fatigue, depression, and quality of life [55] (ii) Moderate effect on functional disability [57] | | |
|
Manipulative therapies |
Chiropractic interventions | Limited evidence [60] | (i) No positive evidence [58] (ii) Insufficient evidence for benefit [52] | Not enough evidence [53] |
Massage | (i) Moderate evidence [52] (ii) Massage is beneficial for patients with fibromyalgia [59] | Ineffective [53] | |
|
Acupuncture |
| (i) Strong evidence [52] (ii) Strong evidence for small short-term effects on pain [67] (iii) Low-to-moderate evidence for acupuncture compared to usual care or standard care [66] | (i) Ineffective [53] (ii) No evidence for effectiveness [68] | (i) Mixed quality [50] (ii) Effectiveness not yet supported, mixed evidence [69] |
|
Balneotherapy/hydrotherapy |
| (i) Positive evidence [50] (ii) Limited evidence [52] (iii) Effects on pain [53] (iv) Moderate evidence for pain [69] (v) Strong evidence [72] (vi) Appears efficacious [70] | | |
|
Phytotherapy |
| | | Unclear whether medicinal products or related natural products are effective [73] |
|
Nutritional supplements |
| Limited evidence for diverse supplements [52] | Ineffective [53] | |
|
Homeopathy |
| (i) Positive results [50] (ii) Limited evidence [52] (iii) Some evidence [51] | | (i) Not enough evidence [53] (ii) Effectiveness remains unproven [74] |
|