Acupuncture Antiarrhythmic Effects on Drug Refractory Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Controlled Trial

<div>ACU-AF trial flow diagram. Participants receive active acupuncture or sham acupuncture treatment according to the assigned sequence, and AF recurrence is assessed. <sup>*</sup>AF recurrence is evaluated by 48-hour Holter monitoring, ECG, and f/u echocardiography. AF: atrial fibrillation; EC: electrical cardioversion; ECG: electrocardiography; LA: left atrium; and LAA: left atrial appendage.</div>

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Figure 1: Acupuncture Antiarrhythmic Effects on Drug Refractory Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Controlled Trial 