Research Article
Addressing “Nature-Deficit Disorder”: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study of Young Adults Attending a Wilderness Camp
Table 2
Constructs and measures used to assess elements of biopsychosocial-spiritual well-being.
| Construct | Measures | Number of items | Response range | Cronbach’s alpha | Reference |
| Physical health domain |
| Physical activity | Single item | 1 | 0–7 | na |
Milton et al., 2011 [45] | Relaxation | Single item | 1 | 1–5 | na | No reference |
| Psychological health domain |
| Stress | Perceived stress | 10 | 0–4 (0–40) | .75 |
Cohen and Williamson, 1988 [47] | Psychological well-being | Self-acceptance | 15 (3 per subscale) | 1–6 (15–90) | .52 |
Ryff and Keyes, 1995 [50] | Autonomy | .37 | Environmental mastery | .49 | Purpose in life | .33 | Personal growth | .40 | Self-esteem | Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | 10 | 0–3 (0–30) | .77–.88 | Rosenberg, 1989 [51] | Resilience | Ego-Resiliency Scale | 14 | 1–4 | .76 | Block and Kremen, 1996 [52] | Self-awareness | Situational Self-Awareness Scale/Public Subscale | 3 | 1–7 | .82 | Govern and Marsch, 2001 [53] | Mental restoration | Reflection (modified) | 3 | 1–5 | na | Irvine, 2004 [39]; Fuller et al., 2007 [42]; Dallimer et al., 2012 [43] |
| Emotional health domain |
| Emotional state | PANAS-X, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule | 10 10 | 1–5 | .85–.90 .83–.90 |
Watson et al., 1988 [54] |
| Social health domain |
| Social | Positive Relations with Others Scale | 14 | 1–6 (14–84) | .88 | Ryff et al., 1994 [58] |
| Spiritual health domain |
| Spiritual well-being | Sense of wholeness | 7 | 1–5 | .85 | Irvine, 2004 [39] | Transcendence | Mysticism Scale (subset of items) | 7 | 1–5 (7–35) | na |
Hood, 1975 [59] |
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Parentheticals indicate range for summed scale scores. Alphas are from the published literature. Ryff, Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Undated.
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