Addressing “Nature-Deficit Disorder”: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study of Young Adults Attending a Wilderness Camp

Table 2

Constructs and measures used to assess elements of biopsychosocial-spiritual well-being.

Construct	Measures	Number of items	Response range	Cronbach’s alpha	Reference
Physical health domain
Physical activity	Single item	1	0–7	na	Milton et al.,  2011 [45]
Relaxation	Single item	1	1–5	na	No reference
Psychological health domain
Stress	Perceived stress	10	0–4 (0–40)	.75	Cohen and Williamson, 1988 [47]
Psychological well-being	Self-acceptance	15 (3 per subscale)	1–6 (15–90)	.52	Ryff and Keyes, 1995 [50]
	Autonomy			.37
	Environmental mastery			.49
	Purpose in life			.33
	Personal growth			.40
Self-esteem	Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale	10	0–3 (0–30)	.77–.88	Rosenberg, 1989 [51]
Resilience	Ego-Resiliency Scale	14	1–4	.76	Block and Kremen, 1996 [52]
Self-awareness	Situational Self-Awareness Scale/Public Subscale	3	1–7	.82	Govern and Marsch, 2001 [53]
Mental restoration	Reflection (modified)	3	1–5	na	Irvine, 2004 [39]; Fuller et al., 2007 [42]; Dallimer et al., 2012 [43]
Emotional health domain
Emotional state	PANAS-X, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule	10; 10	1–5	.85–.90; .83–.90	Watson et al., 1988 [54]
Social health domain
Social	Positive Relations with Others Scale	14	1–6; (14–84)	.88	Ryff et al., 1994 [58]
Spiritual health domain
Spiritual well-being	Sense of wholeness	7	1–5	.85	Irvine, 2004 [39]
Transcendence	Mysticism Scale (subset of items)	7	1–5; (7–35)	na	Hood, 1975 [59]

Parentheticals indicate range for summed scale scores.
Alphas are from the published literature.
Ryff, Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Undated.