Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Herbs with Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein

Table 1

The modulation of CYP and P-gp by ginkgo.

Compound type	Species	System	CYP	P-gp	Ref.
Extract	Rat	In vivo; mRNA	CYP1A1/2 (↔); CYP2B1/2 (↑); CYP2C11 (↔); CYP2E1 (↔); CYP3A1/2 (↑); CYP4A1 (↔)		[18]
Extract	Rat	In vivo; Activity	CYP1A2 (↑)		[19]
Extract	Human	In vitro; Activity	CYP1A2 (↓); CYP2C9 (↓); CYP2E1 (↓)		[20]
Extract	Human	In vivo; Activity	CYP3A4 (↑)		[21]
Extract	Human	In vitro/in vivo; Activity		P-gp (↓)	[22, 23]
Ginkgolides	Human	In vitro; Activity	CYP1A2 (↔); CYP2C9 (↔)		[24]
Ginkgolide A	Human	In vitro; Activity	CYP3A4 (↑)		[25]