Chinese Herbal Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms

Table 1

Chinese herbal compounds with endothelial protective activity.

Compound	Herb	Target or indicator	Type of study	Reference
Resveratrol	Rhizoma polygonum cuspidatum	cav-1, VEGF, KDR	In vitro	[39]
Cynanchum wilfordii	Cynanchum wilfordii	LDL, HDL, NO, E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, ET-1	In vivo	[40]
Protocatechuic aldehyde	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Caspase-3, caspase-2, Bcl-2/Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, granzyme B	In vitro	[41]
Cryptotanshinone	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	oxLDL, NO, ICAM-1, VCAM-1; monocyte adhesion	In vitro	[42]
Aqueous extract of Buddleja officinalis	Buddleja officinalis	VCAM-1, ICAM-1; ROS; NF-κB	In vitro	[43]
Tribulus terrestris extract	Tribulus terrestris	TC, HDL, LDL, TG	In vivo	[44]
Panax notoginseng	Panax notoginseng saponins	ICAM-1 and VCAM-1	In vivo	[45]
Ginkgo biloba extract	Ginkgo biloba	VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin; ROS, RSTF	Both	[46, 47]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	eNOS, NO, NADPH oxidase subunit Nox4	In vitro	[48]
Bisacurone	Curcuma longa Linne (Zingiberaceae)	VCAM-1, NF-κB p65, Akt, PKC	In vitro	[49]
Magnolol	Magnolia officinalis	IL-6, STAT3, Tyr705 and Ser727, ICAM-1, IREs, monocyte adhesion, cyclin D1, MCP-1, NF-kB, VCAM-1	Both	[50, 51]
Aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	ICAM-1, VCAM-1, GSH, NF-B	In vitro	[52]
Salvianolic acid B	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	ICAM-1, E-selectin, NF-B	In vitro	[53]