Chinese Herbal Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms

Table 3

Chinese herbal compounds with antioxidation activity.

Compound	Herb	Target or indicator	Type of study	Reference
Arisaema tortuosum tuber extract	Arisaema tortuosum Schott	-Glucuronidase; FRAP	In vitro	[61]
Andrographolide derivatives	Andrographolide	VLDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C; superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals	In vivo	[62]
Farrerol	Rhododendron dauricum L. (ManShanHong)	SOD, GSH-Px; caspase-3, p38 MAPK, Bcl-2	In vitro	[63]
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.	Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.	TC, non-HDL, TG, apoB100, apoE, HDL; LDL receptor, SR-B1, CYP7A1, HMGCR, CRP, MDA	In vivo	[54]
Tanshinone IIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	ROS, Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, LOX-1, NF-B, oxLDL, monocyte adhesion, VSMC migration and proliferation, macrophage cholesterol accumulation, TNF-, TGF-1, platelet aggregation, GPx	Both	[64–67]
Cryptotanshinone	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	oxLDL, NO, ICAM-1, VCAM-1; monocyte adhesion	In vitro	[42]
Ethanolic fraction of T. arjuna	Terminalia arjuna	LDL, TG, VLDL, HDL	In vivo	[57]
Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Hcy, ROS; PKC/MAPK	In vivo	[68]
Chlorophytum borivilianum root extract	Chlorophytum borivilianum	LDL oxidation, lipid hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric acid	In vitro	[69]
Aqueous extract of Buddleja officinalis	Buddleja officinalis	VCAM-1, ICAM-1; ROS; NF-B	In vitro	[43]
Salvianolic acid B	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	oxLDL, ROS, COX, ERK1/2, JNK, MAPK; prostaglandin E2, NADPH oxidase, MMP-2, MMP-9	Both	[70–73]
Caffeoylquinic acids (CQs)	Chwinamul	ROS	Both	[74]
Epimedium (Berberidaceae)	Epimedium spp.	ROS	Both	[75]
Goji	Lycium barbarum and L. chinense	SOD, MDA; JNK	Both	[76]
Ginkgo biloba extract	Ginkgo biloba	VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin; ROS, RSTF	Both	[46]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	eNOS, NO, NADPH oxidase subunit Nox4	In vitro	[48]
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoids	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	SOD	Both	[77]
Emodin	Rheum rhabarbarum	ApoE, PPAR-, GM-CSF, MMP-9	In vivo	[78]
Bisacurone	Curcuma longa Linne (Zingiberaceae)	VCAM-1, NF-B p65, Akt, PKC	In vitro	[49]
Phyllanthus emblica extract	Phyllanthus emblica	ox-LDL, MDA	In vitro	[79]
Ethanol extract of Glossogyne tenuifolia	Glossogyne tenuifolia	oxLDL, ROS	In vitro	[80]
Ocimum basilicum	Ocimum basilicum	total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL	In vivo	[60]
Paeonol	Paeonia lactiflora Pallas	ICAM-1, NF-B p65 translocation, ERK, p38	In vitro	[81]
Water extracts of Achyrocline satureoides	Achyrocline satureoides	LDL oxidation	In vitro	[82]
Alaternin	Cassia tora	NO, Peroxynitrite	In vitro	[83]
Aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Hcy	In vitro	[84]
Gypenosides	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	mitochondrial enzyme	In vitro	[85]
Saponins
baicalein, baicalin and wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis	VSMC proliferation	In vitro	[86]
Scoparone	Artemisia scoparia	monocyte adhesion, lipid laden foam cells	In vivo	[87]
Trilinolein	Panax pseudoginseng	OFR	In vitro	[88]
Celastrol	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F.	oxLDL, LOX-1, ROS, iNOS, NO, TNF-a, IL-6	In vivo	[89]
Phenolic Rye (Secale cereale L.)	Ferulic acid	oxLDL	In vitro	[90]