Yang Deficiency Body Constitution Acts as a Predictor of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Taichung Diabetic Body Constitution Study
Table 1
Participant characteristics.
Yang deficiency ()
Yin deficiency ()
Phlegm stasis ()
Yes ()
No ()
value
Yes ()
No ()
value
Yes ()
No ()
value
Age (years)
57.57 ± 11.97
59.21 ± 10.60
0.20
60.01 ± 11.18
58.67 ± 10.63
0.16
59.21 ± 11.13
58.98 ± 10.74
0.86
Female, (%)
59 (72.84)
271 (45.78)
<0.001‡
100 (57.47)
230 (46.09)
<0.01†
57 (66.28)
273 (46.51)
<0.001‡
BMI (kg/m2)
26.05 ± 4.26
25.67 ± 4.07
0.44
25.64 ± 3.69
25.74 ± 4.23
0.76
27.11 ± 4.68
25.51 ± 3.97
<0.01†
WAIST (cm)
88.04 ± 10.77
89.01 ± 10.46
0.43
87.83 ± 10.10
89.27 ± 10.61
0.12
91.98 ± 11.93
88.44 ± 10.20
Lifestyle factors
Smoke history, yes, (%)
4 (4.93)
34 (5.74)
0.77
8 (4.59)
30 (6.01)
0.49
6 (6.97)
32 (5.45)
0.57
Alcohol usage, yes, (%)
0 (0)
21 (3.54)
0.09
2 (1.14)
19 (3.80)
0.08
0 (0)
21 (3.57)
0.07
Exercise habits, yes, (%)
59 (72.83)
475 (80.23)
0.12
132 (75.86)
402 (80.56)
0.19
56 (65.11)
478 (81.43)
<0.001‡
Diabetic factors
FBS (mg/dL)
149.68 ± 60.61
144.98 ± 45.72
0.50
147.71 ± 53.87
144.8 ± 45.43
0.52
147.84 ± 41.99
145.21 ± 48.53
0.63
HbAlc (%)
7.87 ± 1.78
7.78 ± 1.67
0.67
7.86 ± 1.86
7.77 ± 1.61
0.58
8.08 ± 1.73
7.75 ± 1.67
0.08
DMH (year)
8.20 ± 7.40
8.28 ± 7.28
0.93
8.61 ± 7.34
8.15 ± 7.27
0.48
8.02 ± 6.82
8.31 ± 7.36
0.74
OHA use, yes, (%)
75 (92.59)
562 (94.93)
0.38
165 (94.82)
472 (94.58)
0.90
81 (94.18)
556 (94.71)
0.84
Insulin usage, yes, (%)
32 (39.51)
147 (24.83)
<0.01†
61 (35.06)
118 (23.65)
<0.01†
28 (32.56)
151 (25.72)
0.18
Lipid profile
TC (mg/dL)
177.79 ± 39.74
175.46 ± 36.26
0.59
173.32 ± 35.84
176.58 ± 36.95
0.31
180.95 ± 41.93
174.97 ± 35.81
0.21
TG (mg/dL)
160.1 ± 120.29
156.82 ± 180.37
0.83
149.73 ± 91.91
159.82 ± 194.46
0.37
163.88 ± 136.23
156.24 ± 179.13
0.64
HDL (mg/dL)
52.24 ± 13.49
52.96 ± 14.78
0.68
51.68 ± 13.68
53.29 ± 14.93
0.21
51.51 ± 14.17
53.07 ± 14.69
0.36
LDL (mg/dL)
110.37 ± 31.97
106.9 ± 32.47
0.37
106.64 ± 33.85
107.56 ± 31.91
0.75
114.08 ± 36.41
106.33 ± 31.69
Blood pressure
SBP (mmHg)
131.14 ± 17.05
131.58 ± 14.37
0.82
131.35 ± 15.57
131.59 ± 14.41
0.85
131.90 ± 16.21
131.47 ± 14.49
0.80
DBP (mmHg)
78.91 ± 11.31
78.38 ± 8.74
0.68
77.68 ± 9.93
78.70 ± 8.76
0.23
77.50 ± 10.09
78.58 ± 8.93
0.30
GPT (U/L)
29.28 ± 30.00
29.00 ± 23.53
0.94
28.43 ± 28.99
29.24 ± 22.57
0.74
32.52 ± 30.82
28.52 ± 23.27
0.25
Renal parameters
Microalbumin (mg/dL)
27.85 ± 86.83
21.97 ± 72.16
0.56
28.12 ± 92.32
20.77 ± 66.49
0.34
27.47 ± 89.66
21.97 ± 71.52
0.59
Cr (mg/dL)
1.09 ± 0.46
1.14 ± 0.63
0.39
1.19 ± 0.63
1.12 ± 0.61
0.19
1.09 ± 0.49
1.14 ± 0.63
0.34
eGFR (ml/min)
69.56 ± 24.42
71.01 ± 21.52
0.57
67.22 ± 23.72
72.10 ± 21.07
70.64 ± 23.35
70.86 ± 21.67
0.93
ALB/CR (ug/mg)
475.24 ± 2008.6
233.91 ± 935.92
0.29
319.95 ± 1386.8
243.08 ± 1013.1
0.50
316.61 ± 1238.90
255.10 ± 1103.70
0.64
Diabetic neuropathy, yes, (%)
63 (77.78)
14 (2.36)
0.08
48 (27.59)
29 (5.81)
64 (74.42)
13 (2.21)
0.25
Data were presented as mean ± SD for continuous variable and as number (%) for categorical variable. values were calculated using the chi-square test for categorical variable and -test for continuous variable , , and . BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; DMH, duration of diabetic mellitus; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triacylglycerol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALB/CR, microalbumin to creatinine ratio.
