The Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Improving Mind-Body Health for Knee Osteoarthritis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Summary of assessments and outcomes in the included articles.

Author (year)	Assessments	Outcomes	Adverse effects
Song et al. (2003) [15]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); knee extensor strength and endurance; flexibility; BMI; cardiovascular functioning test	Knee extensor strength and endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular functioning test were improved; BMI and WOMAC were decreased	No adverse event
Brismée et al. (2007) [16]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); VAS; knee range of motion	WOMAC and VAS were decreased	No adverse event
Song et al. (2007) [17]	WOMAC (pain/physical function); motivation; health behaviors	Motivation and health behaviors were improved; WOMAC was decreased	No adverse event
Lee et al. (2009) [18]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); SF-36; 6-min walking test	SF-36 and 6-min walking test were improved; WOMAC was decreased	No adverse event
Song et al. (2009) [19]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly	WOMAC was decreased; Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly was improved	No adverse event
Wang et al. (2009) [20]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); VAS; SF-36; BMI; 6-min walking test; sit-to-stand test; Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Index; self-efficacy	6-min walking test, sit-to-stand test, SF-36, self-efficacy were improved; WOMAC, VAS, Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Index were decreased	One participant reported an increase of knee pain
Ni et al. (2010) [21]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); 6-min walking test; stair climb test; body weight	6-min walking test, stair climb test, body weight were improved; WOMAC was decreased	No adverse event
Song et al. (2010) [22]	Bone mineral density; knee extensor and flexor strength and endurance; Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly	Knee extensor endurance was increased; Bone mineral density and Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly were improved	No adverse event
Tsai et al. (2013) [23]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); timed-up-and-go test; sit-to-stand test; mini-mental state examination	Timed-up-and-go test, sit-to-stand test, mini-mental state examination were improved; WOMAC was decreased	No adverse event
Wortley et al. (2013) [24]	WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); BMI; 6-min walking test; timed-up-and-go test; stair climb test; Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly	Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, 6-min walking test, stair climb test, timed-up-and-go test were improved; WOMAC was decreased	No adverse event
Tsai et al. (2015) [25]	Verbal descriptive scale; pain behavior	Verbal descriptive scale and pain behavior were decreased	No adverse event

, significant differences between before and after Tai Chi Chuan. WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; BMI, body mass index; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; and SF-36, 36-item Short Form Health Survey.