|
| Effects | Activities | Mechanisms |
|
| Ginsenosides F1 and F5 | Antiproliferation | Induces chromatin condensation and increases sub-G1hypodiploid cells. IC50: 23.2 μM and 62.4 μM [153] |
|
| Ginsenoside Re | Antiproliferation | Increases GSH/GSSG ratio, enhances the γ-GCS activity, and suppresses ROS generation [84]; inhibits the transferring and duplication of DNA [143] |
| | Synergy and attenuation | Synergies with cisplatin. Increases cisplatin’s antiproliferative activity [145] |
|
| Ginsenoside Rf | Antiproliferation | G2/M phase arrest. IC50: 11.36 μM. Upregulates Bax and downregulates Bcl-2, CDK1, and cyclin B1, activates caspase-3 and caspase-9, and releases cytochrome C [154] |
|
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | Antiproliferation | Inhibits ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1) activity [155]; S phase arrest and induces cell senescence [156]; increases the expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8; induces apoptosis [137]; inhibits EpoR-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signal pathway [157] |
| | Immunomodulation | Activates tumor killer cells and enhances the production of NO from IFN-γ activated-macrophages [158] |
| | Inhibit tumor growth | Inhibits colon cancer growth. Downregulates the expression of cyclin D1, PCNA, and VEGF [159] |
| | Antimetastasis | Suppresses TPA-induced tumor cell invasion and migration by inhibition of NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 expression [160]; inhibits transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [161] |
| | Synergy and attenuation | Synergist with IL-2. Activates lymphokine activated killer cells as a synergistic of IL-2 [162] |
| | Chemoprevention | Induces cytochrome P450 1A1 expression. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor [140] |
|
| Ginsenoside Rg2 | Antiproliferation | IC50: 9.0 μM [153] |
|
| Ginsenoside Rh1 | Antiproliferation | Induces differentiation. Stimulates the nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor [163]; induces apoptosis [30] |
| | Antimetastasis | Inhibits the invasion and migration. Suppresses MMP-1 expression through inhibition of AP-1 and MAPK signaling pathway [164]; inhibits MMPs gene expression by suppressing MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and downstream NF-κB and AP-1 [165] |
|
| Notoginsenoside R1 | Antiproliferation | Induces differentiation; affects synthesis of DNA and RNA [166]; upregulates p53 gene and downregulates Bcl-2 gene [167] |
|
| Protopanaxatriol (PPT) | Antiproliferation | Increases sub-G1 cells [168]; induces apoptosis. Activation of p53 and p21 and downregulation of CDK2, cyclin E and cyclin D1, and PCNA [58] |
| | Antiangiogenesis | Inhibits the proliferative activity of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. EC50: 6.64 μg/mL [67] |
| | Antimetastasis | Enhances natural-killer cytotoxicity by esterified protopanaxatriol [169]; inhibits invasion and downregulation of MMP-9 [72] |
| | Synergy and attenuation | Reverses daunomycin and vinblastine resistance [170]; synergies with mitoxantrone; inhibits BCRP-associated vanadate sensitive ATPase activity [21] |
|
