Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Piper attenuatum Methanol Extract in LPS-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses

Figure 5

Putative inhibitory pathway of Pa-ME-mediated anti-inflammatory responses. Pa-ME suppressed both Syk and Src kinase activity in the NF-κB pathway and TAK1 kinase activity in the AP-1 pathway. Following that, Pa-ME inhibited the activity of downstream molecules, leading to anti-inflammatory effects.