Availability, Pharmaceutics, Security, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Patchouli Alcohol

Table 1

The list of antimicrobial and insecticidal activity of PA.

Numbers	Tested mode	Tested subject	Parameters; (MIC/IC50/LD50/MLC)	References
Bacteria
1	In vitro	E. coli	MIC = 1.0 mg/mL	[29]
2	In vitro	P. aeruginosa	MIC = 3.5 mg/mL	[29]
3	In vitro	B. proteus	MIC = 3.5 mg/mL	[29]
4	In vitro	S. dysenteriae	MIC = 3.0 mg/mL	[29]
5	In vitro	T. bacillus	MIC = 6.5 mg/mL	[29]
6	In vitro	S. aureus	MIC = 2.0 mg/mL	[29]
7	In vitro	H. pylori	MIC = 78 μg/mL	[30]
Viruses
8	In vitro	A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)	IC50 = 2.635 μM	[31]
9	In vitro	B/Ibaraki/2/85	IC50 = 40.82 μM	[31]
10	In vivo	A/Leningrad/134/17/1957 (H2N2) infection mice	—	[32]
11	In vitro	A/Leningrad/134/17/1957 (H2N2)	IC50 = 4.03 μM	[32]
12	In vivo	A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1) infection mice	—	[33]
13	In vitro	A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1) infection 16HBE	—	[34]
Fungus
14	In vitro	A. flavus (3.2758)	—	[35]
15	In vitro	A. flavus (3.4408)	—	[35]
16	In vitro	Aspergillus oryzae	—	[35]
Termite
17	In vivo	Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki	LD50 = 4.57 μg/termite	[36]
Mosquitoes
18	In vivo	Ae. aegypti	—	[37]
19	In vivo	An. stephensi	—	[37]
20	In vivo	Cx. quinquefasciatus	—	[37]
Trypanosoma
21	In vivo	Trypanosoma cruzi	MLC > 200 μM	[38]

MIC, minimal inhibition concentration; IC₅₀, 50% of lethal concentration; LD₅₀, 50% of lethal dose; MLC, minimal lethal concentration.