The Immune Effects of an African Traditional Energy Tonic in In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Figure 3

Immunomodulatory effects of the traditional energy tonic doses (100 and 10 μg/mL) on 12 inflammatory cytokines secretion over 24 hours in PBMCs prestimulated with PG-S. aureus (100 μg/mL) for 2 hours. The energy tonic significantly () increased IL-1α, IL-2, IL-10, and GM-CSF secretion when compared to PG-S. aureus only treated samples. The increased secretion of these cytokines was not significant () when compared to stimulated PBMCs treated with cyclosporine. ⋆ indicates significant difference.