The Construction of Sham Dry Needles and Their Validity

Table 1

Needle identification and perception of pain.

Treatment group	No skin penetration reported	Skin penetration reported	NPRS scores	Pain Sensation; Dull /Sharp/none
Sham (n=21)	3	18	1.5 (0.9)	5/16/0
DN (n=21)	5	16	1.2 (1.3)	11/6/4

DN, dry needling; NPRS, numeric pain rating scale (0 to 10). Values are in mean (SD).