Understanding Acupoint Sensitization: A Narrative Review on Phenomena, Potential Mechanism, and Clinical Application

Tan, Huijuan; Tumilty, Steve; Chapple, Cathy; Liu, Lizhou; McDonough, Suzanne; Yin, Haiyan; Yu, Shuguang; Baxter, G. David

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6064358

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 6064358 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6064358

Understanding Acupoint Sensitization: A Narrative Review on Phenomena, Potential Mechanism, and Clinical Application

Huijuan Tan,¹Steve Tumilty,¹Cathy Chapple,¹Lizhou Liu,¹Suzanne McDonough,^1,2Haiyan Yin,³Shuguang Yu,³and G. David Baxter¹

Academic Editor: Darren R. Williams

Received13 Jan 2019

Revised09 Jul 2019

Accepted15 Jul 2019

Published14 Aug 2019

Abstract

As part of traditional Chinese medicine, acupoints are considered a dynamic functional area, which can reflect the internal condition of the body. When the body is suffering from disease or injury, corresponding acupoints are believed to be activated and manifest in several sensitized forms, including expansion of the receptive field, pain sensitization, and heat sensitization. Such phenomena are believed to gradually disappear concomitantly with recovery from the disease. Acupoint states are therefore changeable according to health status, a phenomenon known as acupoint sensitization. This review aims to provide an overview of acupoint sensitization based on existing research results and determine priorities for future research. Systematic literature retrieval was conducted in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and AMED from inception to 18 July 2018. Current evidence from research findings to date indicate that acupoint sensitization is based on neurogenic inflammation and that stimulation of sensitized acupoints presents a potential trend of generating a better clinical effect when compared with stimulation of unsensitized points.

1. Introduction

As described in the classical acupuncture monograph Miraculous Pivot [1], the acupoint is the basis of acupuncture: it can, on one hand, reflect the internal condition of the body; on the other hand, it can be chosen to treat disease.

Regional anatomy studies have shown no intrinsic difference in structure between routine acupoints and adjacent areas [2–4], indicating acupoints represent functional areas, rather than having specific defining structures. Zhou and Benharash argued that the acupoint is a neurogenic point which can exist anywhere on the body as long as there is a sensory nerve [5]. Furthermore, it has been found that when the body is under pathological stress (injury or disease), there are changes in associated acupoints, including sensation threshold and biophysical properties [6–9]. Based on these findings, the concept of “acupoint sensitization” has been proposed: this proposes that the status of acupoints are dynamic and can change from a “silent” to “active” state during pathological processes. Several studies have demonstrated the existence of acupoint sensitization, and this theory has been accepted and refined by an increasing number of scholars. Review of the acupuncture classics indicates that “acupoint sensitization” is referred to as original state of the acupoint (the pathological reaction points were used as acupuncture points in ancient times before any systematic theory of meridian and acupoints being proposed and completed), in line with the account in The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine (it is a supplement of the classical acupuncture theory) [8–12].

Acupuncture has been used to treat disease for thousands of years, and selecting routine points on related meridians is widely accepted as a foundational principle in treatment. However, results of systematic reviews and well-designed randomized controlled trials on acupuncture are variable: some support the effectiveness of acupuncture, while others indicate inconclusive clinical benefits when compared with sham treatment [13–17]. Interestingly, it has been well reported that nonacupoint stimulation has a significant “placebo effect” on relieving pain and nausea [18, 19]. A meta-analysis and narrative review suggested that in chronic pain management, acupoint selection (whether fixed or individualized acupoints or nonacupoints) is not associated with acupuncture’s effect size [20, 21], suggesting that merely selecting routine acupoints may not be a key feature of acupuncture effects.

Dry needling may be regarded as a simplified version of acupuncture that targets needling of trigger points, which are regarded as a form of pain-sensitized points (i.e., pain threshold at the points is reduced) [22]. Systematic reviews have reported that such dry needling has benefit in several pathological states [23–25]. Furthermore, one review (which analyzed 3728 acupuncture clinical trials) showed better effectiveness of treatment of pain-sensitized points than stimulation of “extra points” and routine acupoints [6]. Liu et al. suggested dry needling is superior to conventional acupuncture for patients with low back pain [26]; it is also reported that the distribution pattern of pain sensitivity of acupoints is notably similar to needle sensation distribution [27]. However, the presence and intensity of needle sensation were not found to be related to better pain relief in patients with osteoarthritis [28]. Selection of points is a central component of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, but it is unclear whether stimulating sensitized acupoints is superior to routine acupuncture and moxibustion. Thus, it is necessary to assess the clinical relevance of such sensitized points and to provide better evidence for clinical application.

We reviewed the existing literature to address the following questions:

(1) What is the cause and manifestation of sensitized acupoints? (2) What is the mechanism behind this phenomenon? (3) Is stimulation of sensitized acupoints more effective than conventional acupuncture treatment using only routine points (refers to 361 regular acupoints on 14 meridians)?

Our findings are expected to provide preliminary information for future studies.

2. Methods

The research questions above were combined into two key focus areas, and search strategies developed accordingly:(1)The phenomena and mechanism of acupoint sensitization(2)The effect of stimulating sensitized points

Systematic searches were performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and AMED from database inception to 18 July 2018 using keywords related to “acupoint” and “sensitization” (the detailed search strategy is displayed in Appendix 1 in Supplementary Materials). Reference lists of pertinent articles were reviewed, and related articles and citations were traced in Scopus for supplementary search.

The articles were selected based on following inclusion and exclusion criteria (see Table 1).

3. Results

172 articles were obtained as the evidence, which covered both laboratory-based studies and clinical trials. These evidence presented the current research progress on the cause, phenomena, and mechanism of acupoint sensitization and, furthermore, clinical effect of stimulating sensitized acupoints.

3.1. Causes of Acupoint Sensitization

While internal pathological factors represent an essential prerequisite for acupoint sensitization, it is important to recognize that an external stimulus (like needling and moxibustion) also plays a role in acupoint sensitization as well [6]. Furthermore, the degree of sensitization is influenced by both disease severity and the intensity of external stimulation. It is reported that more serious diseases are associated with lower pain threshold [29, 30]. Wang [31] gave mustard oil of different concentrations (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, and 17.5%) to rats anally to induce acute intestinal mucosal injury models; results revealed that the number of extravasated Evans Blue (EB) dye points on the skin (the usual criterion to identify sensitized points in animal experiments) were correlated with the concentrations of mustard oil, with the most obvious reactions in the highest concentration group. A relationship between acupoint sensitization and external stimulation was also found when acupoint Laogong (PC8) was irradiated by laser (wavelength 808 nm) with different powers (20 mW, 50 mW, and 100 mW), after which optic reflectivity of the acupoint decreased with the increase of laser power [32].

3.2. Acupoint Sensitization Phenomena

3.2.1. Reduced Sensation Threshold of Acupoints

Reduced sensation threshold of acupoints is the most common manifestation of sensitized acupoints [8]. Disease-related acupoints may manifest as being sensitive to pain and heat [29, 30, 33–39], with even a slight stimulation inducing an amplified feeling. It was found that the rate of occurrence of heat sensitization increased from 10% to 70% in the presence of conditions such as allergic rhinitis, trigeminal neuralgia, and asthma [37].

Distribution of sensitized acupoints varies. Some are located in the pathological local areas: in patients with gastric ulcer, pressure-pain threshold (PPT) was found to be decreased significantly on Burong (ST19) and Liangmen (ST21), which are located on the anterior abdomen [29]. It was further reported that pain- and heat-sensitized acupoints were also located in distal areas along the corresponding meridians [30, 35, 40, 41] or bilateral sides of the spine in diseases like allergic rhinitis, lumbar disc herniation, and asthma [38, 39, 42]. Beyond this, some sensitized acupoints have been reported as extra acupoints (they are not on the 14 recognized meridians but have specific names, locations, related diseases, and clinical usage) under certain conditions. These include Neixiyan and Xiyan for knee osteoarthritis, Dannang for cholecystitis, or Lanwei for appendicitis [43–45]. Additionally, reduced PPT at auricular acupoints has been reported to reflect pathological states [46–49]: PPT was found to be significantly reduced in auricular acupoints “heart” and “endocrine” in patients with metabolic syndrome [46]. Interestingly, some points with reduced PPT were also detected on the contralateral side of the body [50–54], strongly suggesting central sensitization mechanisms.

3.2.2. Changes in Biophysical Properties at Acupoints

The biophysical properties of acupoints have also been reported to change in pathological conditions: this includes changes in temperature, electrical, acoustic, and light properties. Increases in temperature around acupoints have been found in a range of conditions as diverse as cholecystitis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, overactive bladder syndrome, intracranial hypertension syndrome, facial paralysis, and mammary gland hyperplasia [55–62]; furthermore, the degree of sensitization could also be aggravated by external stimulus [63–66]. Electrophysiologically, acupoints demonstrate high conductance, i.e., low impedance and resistance [67–69]. However, in the presence of disease, the electrical properties of acupoints change: decreased conductance [70] as well as increased impedance [71] and resistance [72] are reported in stroke, asthma, and dysmenorrhea patients, respectively. However, findings are not always consistent, with Suen et al. [46] showing that auricular acupoint “endocrine” demonstrated a significantly higher conductance in patients with metabolic syndrome. Acupoints’ acoustic properties also change in illness [73] so that frequency and amplitude of sound waves were found to reduce in patients with mental illness and functional dyspepsia [74, 75]. Beyond this, it has been reported that there are differences in luminescence intensity and infrared radiation spectrum at acupoints between patients and healthy participants [76–82].

3.2.3. Enlarged Receptive Field of Acupoints

The functional size of acupoints is changeable, and acupoints’ receptive fields have been shown to expand during illness. In rats with visceral pain associated with colorectal distension, a visceral nociceptive stimulus caused enlargement of receptive fields of acupoints [83]. In intestinal cancer patients, it was found that PPT at nonacupoints located 1-2 cun (cun is a traditional metric unit used to find acupoint. It is a bone proportional measurement; the width of people’s thumb is normally regarded as 1 cun) lateral to acupoints was decreased compared to that of a control group [40], providing additional evidence of expansion of receptive fields. Receptive fields have also been shown to expand after receiving external stimulation. In Latremoliere and Li’s studies, after stimulating receptive fields, it was found that further stimulation to nonreceptive fields (3-4 cm away from receptive fields) could also activate neuronal responses [84, 85]. It was also indicated that peripheral receptive fields of convergent neurons were enlarged, which was regarded as external manifestation of central sensitization. Findings are not consistent, however, Chae et al. found that PPT at Sanyinjiao (SP 6) in premenstrual syndrome patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls, but adjacent nonacupoints (2 cm anterior to SP 6) did not show any obvious specificity [30].

3.2.4. Change of Acupoints Morphology

It has been reported that hardened subcutaneous tissue in the area of acupoints is likely to be detected in the presence of disease, which is manifested as a nodule or streak of hardened tissue. Some other abnormalities like papula, dimpling, or change of skin color can also appear [49, 86, 87]. These morphological changes are mainly attributed to contraction and adhesion of connective tissue and blood vessels [49, 87].

3.3. Potential Mechanism of Acupoint Sensitization

3.3.1. Change of Acupoint Peripheral Environment

Mechanisms of sensitization have been studied using immune-fluorescent labeling of skin biopsy specimens of human-sensitized points to observe the expression of bioactive substances. Results suggest that there are increased expressions of 5-hoxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine (HA), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and TRPV-1 in sensitized points when compared with nonsensitized control sites [6]. Moreover, the aggregation and degranulation of mast cells in sensitized points have been detected in pathological animal models, which were positively correlated with disease severity [88]. It has also been found that expression of tryptase, HA, 5-HT, SP, CGRP, and bradykinin (BK) was increased in sensitized points of animal models [88–90]. Consistently, local histidine, the precursor of histamine, was found to be decreased at sensitized acupoints according to metabolites detection [91]; these biomediators activate receptors in primary sensory neurons and lead to membrane action potentials. Lei et al. [92] found that excited peripheral capsaicin-sensitive afferents played a crucial role in acupoint sensitization, which could intensify the perception of pain and burning sensation. Kim et al. [93] found that acupoint sensitization was associated with neurogenic inflammation, since the location, characteristics, and function of neurogenic inflammatory spots were the same as sensitized acupoints. In addition, increased local blood perfusion was observed by laser speckle imaging at sensitized acupoints in osteoarthritis, which could contribute to the increased temperature, and again, suggesting the potential existence of local inflammation [94].

3.3.2. Involvement of the Central Nervous System

Dorsal column nuclei (DCN) neurons, wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons, and subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) neurons are important structures of the visceral pain pathway, connecting with the thalamus, cortex, and other rostral neural centers [95–97]. Studies have indicated that these structures are involved in acupoint sensitization. Visceral nociceptive afferents activated by colorectal distension (CRD) lead to the activation of these neurons, resulting in the enlargement of neuron receptive fields and increased neuron discharges [83, 98–100]. Where the body surface of the corresponding nerve segment had already been sensitized, it was found that applying moxibustion or electroacupuncture (with subthreshold stimulation) could further exacerbate the discharge of neurons induced by CRD [83, 98].

Consistent findings of activation have been obtained in the nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL), an important neural center for somatovisceral relay: its discharge was increased with CRD-induced visceral pain and was further activated by electroacupuncture at acupoints Zusanli (ST 36) and Shangjuxu (ST 37) [101]. Moreover, c-Fos protein and NR1 receptor, key markers of neuronal excitability [102], were markedly increased in the dorsal horn of spinal cord and rostral ventromedia medulla (RVM) after CRD [103], highlighting the hyperexcitability in visceral reaction neurons under pathological conditions.

Using functional imaging techniques, a significant difference was found in the pain default mode network (“default mode network” is the network of interacting brain regions that highly correlate with each other. It is active when a participant is awake but not focused on the external environment) between the sensitization and resting states of acupoint Dubi (ST35) in knee osteoarthritis patients. It was also found that heat-sensitive moxibustion could specifically regulate central information integration to relieve knee pain, which was considered to be superior to conventional moxibustion [104].

As indicated above, research on mechanism of acupoint sensitization has focused on the local area, spine, medulla, thalamus, and cerebral cortex, respectively; findings have suggested that visceral nociceptive inputs can modulate the reaction of neurons to acupoint stimulation and manifest as increased peripheral neurogenic inflammatory factors, increased neuron discharge, and enlargement of neuron receptive fields. Neurogenic inflammation has generally been regarded as the potential mechanism of acupoint sensitization [8, 90, 93].

3.4. Effect of Stimulating Sensitized Acupoints

According to “acupoint sensitization” theory, stimulating sensitized acupoints can easily and effectively activate central excitation to theoretically exert a better effect than stimulation of nonsensitized points [6, 93].

A number of clinical studies have demonstrated the comparative superiority of needle stimulation of pain-sensitized points over conventional acupuncture points, especially in some pain syndromes, where the underlying mechanism might lie in activating endogenous opioid systems [93]. Systematic reviews [105, 106] have demonstrated that for chronic musculoskeletal pain, pain-sensitized point stimulation has advantages over conventional acupuncture, drug therapy, and no treatment. Additionally, a randomized controlled trial found that needling pain-sensitized points could effectively alleviate cervicogenic headache, with more obvious long-term benefit than conventional acupuncture [107]. Small-scale randomized controlled trials have found acupuncturing sensitized points to be more effective than standard acupuncture therapy in patients with chronic low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, or chronic neck pain [108–110]. In addition, superior effects of pain-sensitized points needling has been reported in the management of nonmusculoskeletal diseases like toothache [111], intractable insomnia [112], acute bacillary dysentery [113], migraine [114], and renal colic [115].

Another application of sensitized acupoint stimulation is heat-sensitive moxibustion which is also widely used clinically. This is performed by suspending moxibustion on heat-sensitized acupoints, which will induce a comfortable perception of heat penetration, heat expansion, and heat transmission, as well as sensations like aching, heaviness, pain, and numbness. It is reported that the sensations produced by heat sensitization are closely associated with a better clinical effect [37]. According to a recent systematic review [116], limited evidence supports heat-sensitive moxibustion over conventional moxibustion, acupuncture, and diclofenac sodium in lumbar disc herniation treatment. By contrast, it did not show obvious benefit in bronchial asthma according to another meta-analysis [117]. A multicenter randomized controlled trial [118] suggested heat-sensitive moxibustion worked significantly better than conventional moxibustion and drug injection in knee osteoarthritis. It is also reported that heat-sensitive moxibustion showed superiority over nonsensitive stimulation in easing pain in primary dysmenorrhea patients [119]. Apart from this, it may also improve symptoms like sneezing, running nose, and nasal obstruction in patients with allergic rhinitis when compared with conventional acupuncture [38].

In animal experiments, it is suggested that compared with traditional moxibustion, heat-sensitive moxibustion could more effectively attenuate inflammation and protect ischemic brain site after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats [120]. Moreover, sensitized acupoints stimulation could significantly improve gastrointestinal function in irritable bowel syndrome, either through electroneedling or moxibustion [121, 122].

4. Summary and Future Studies

This review has provided a summary of the evidence on acupoint sensitization: a variety of studies have been completed from different perspectives, using different animal models, different clinical conditions, and different outcome measures. However, while generally in support of the phenomenon of acupoint sensitization, the evidence is mixed. Findings have provided preliminary evidence regarding phenomena and mechanisms of sensitization and potential effectiveness for clinical applications, respectively. Basic studies have confirmed the objective existence of acupoint sensitization, as an external manifestation of dysfunction of internal organs. Mechanistic studies have suggested acupoint sensitization might be caused by the neurogenic inflammation associated with modulation of peripheral substances (like 5-HT, HA, SP, TRPV-1, etc.) and dysfunction of neural activity. Meta-analyses and clinical trials have shown that treatment based on “acupoint sensitization” theory might have more effectiveness than traditional intervention.

However, there are still some issues remaining unresolved. Firstly, based on the evidence to date, the manifestation of acupoint sensitization is diverse and the general criteria still remain unclear; thus, further large-scale epidemiological studies are needed to better characterize the phenomenon. Secondly, as this is a narrative review, we did not perform a quantitative analysis to compare effectiveness between stimulation of sensitized acupoints versus unsensitized acupoints. According to the evidence we obtained, meta-analyses and clinical studies suggested preferable trends in some diseases when stimulating sensitized acupoints either through needling or moxibustion. However, randomized controlled trials on sensitized acupoints stimulation only account for a small proportion of all acupuncture clinical trials. The mainstream research effort still tends to focus on acupoints based on classical acupuncture theory, which recommends use of routine acupoints according to meridian differentiation and syndrome differentiation [123, 124]. Furthermore, systematic reviews find that most studies comparing sensitized acupoint stimulation with conventional acupuncture and moxibustion are of low quality, which makes it hard to draw a definitive conclusion [105, 116]. Therefore, further well-designed, multicenter, large-sample clinical trials are required to confirm the putative benefits of the former method. Thirdly, although changes have been reported in both the peripheral microenvironment and central nervous system, we have little understanding of the complete picture of mechanisms underlying acupoint-sensitized process. This is perhaps not surprising, as acupoint sensitization is a dynamic and complicated process. To address this, dynamic monitoring techniques (such as nanomaterial-functionalized acupuncture needle [125, 126], microdialysis probe [127], etc.) should be used to reveal the whole process of the acupoint’s dynamic change. This is expected to provide more evidence on the nature of acupoint and facilitate acupoint selection during acupuncture treatment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

H. T. was responsible for study concept and design, literature retrieval and classification, drafting, and revision. S. T., C. C., L. L., S. M., H. Y., S. Y., and G. D. B. were involved in study supervision, design, and revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 81590953), and H. T. was supported by the PhD scholarship of University of Otago and PhD research budget from the School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago. The authors gratefully thank Ms. Thelma Fisher for her help with literature retrieval.

Supplementary Materials

See Appendix 1 in the Supplementary Material for literature search strategies. (Supplementary Materials)

References

X. Y. Zhang and L. G. Ma, The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine-Miraculous Pivot, Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, China, 2008.
Y. Lu, Z. T. Zhang, Y. F. Luo, Z. S. Tang, and Z. Xu, “Anatomic structure of “Shaoze” (SI 1), “Qiangu” (SI 2), “Houxi” (SI 3), “Yanggu” (SI 5) and “Xiaohai” (SI 8) regions of hand-taiyang meridian in the rabbit’s forelimb,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 473–477, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
X. G. Sun, L. Q. Zhang, N. Wang et al., “Macroscopical anatomic structure of acupoint “Shangyang” (LI 1), “Erjian” (LI 2), “Sanjian” (LI 3), “Hegu” (LI 4) and “Quchi” (LI 11) regions in the forelimb in rabbits,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 31–37, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
X. F. Lou and S. H. Jiang, “Anatomical characters and classification of acupoint,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 319–323, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Zhou and P. Benharash, “Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture based on the principle of meridians,” Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 190–193, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Zhu, Systems Acu-Medicine: The Revival of Body Surface Medicine, People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China, 2015.
X. C. Yu, B. Zhu, J. H. Gao et al., “Scientific basis for dynamic process of acupoints,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 971–973, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Zhu, “The plasticity of acupoint,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1203–1208, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
W. He, M. Wu, X. H. Jing, W. Bai, B. Zhu, and X. Yu, “Entity of acupoint: kinetic changes of acupoints in histocytochemistry,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1181–1186, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Liu and N. Xu, “Is the location of acupoint unchangeable?” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1194-1195, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Xu, “Application of the word bentai in acupuncture and moxibustion,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1192-1193, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
R. X. Chen, M. F. Kang, and M. R. Chen, “Return of Qibo: on hypothesis of sensitization state of acupoints,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 134–138, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Linde, A. Streng, S. Jürgens et al., “Acupuncture for patients with migraine,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 293, no. 17, pp. 2118–2125, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. S. Hinman, P. McCrory, M. Pirotta et al., “Acupuncture for chronic knee pain,” JAMA, vol. 312, no. 13, pp. 1313–1322, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. K. Wu, E. Stener-Victorin, H. Y. Kuang et al., “Effect of acupuncture and clomiphene in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial,” JAMA, vol. 317, no. 24, pp. 2502–2514, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Selva Olid, M. J. Martínez Zapata, I. Solà, Z. Stojanovic, S. M. Uriona Tuma, and X. Bonfill Cosp, “Efficacy and safety of needle acupuncture for treating gynecologic and obstetric disorders: an overview,” Medical Acupuncture, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 386–397, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-H. Zhang, D. Wang, and M. Liu, “Overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of acupuncture for stroke,” Neuroepidemiology, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 50–58, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Müller, K. Remus, V. Hoffmann, M. H. Tschöp, and K. Meissner, “Effectiveness of a placebo intervention on visually induced nausea in women—a randomized controlled pilot study,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 91, pp. 9–11, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xiang, J. He, and R. Li, “Appropriateness of sham or placebo acupuncture for randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Pain Research, vol. 11, pp. 83–94, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. M. Choi, F. Jiang, and J. C. Longhurst, “Point specificity in acupuncture,” Chinese Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 4, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. J. Vickers, E. A. Vertosick, G. Lewith et al., “Acupuncture for chronic pain: update of an individual patient data meta-analysis,” Journal of Pain, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 455–474, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Y. Fan, J. Xu, and Y.-M. Li, “Evidence and expert opinions: dry needling versus acupuncture (II),” Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 83–90, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. L. Hall, A. C. Mackie, and D. C. Ribeiro, “Effects of dry needling trigger point therapy in the shoulder region on patients with upper extremity pain and dysfunction: a systematic review with meta-analysis,” Physiotherapy, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 167–177, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Espejo-Antúnez, J. F.-H. Tejeda, M. Albornoz-Cabello et al., “Dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger points: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 33, pp. 46–57, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Gattie, J. A. Cleland, and S. Snodgrass, “The effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for musculoskeletal conditions by physical therapists: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 133–149, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Liu, Q.-M. Huang, Q.-G. Liu et al., “Evidence for dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger points associated with low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 144–152, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. I. Johnson and A. E. Benham, “Acupuncture needle sensation: the emerging evidence,” Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 111–114, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. White, P. Prescott, and G. Lewith, “Does needling sensation (de qi) affect treatment outcome in pain? Analysis of data from a larger single-blind, randomised controlled trial,” Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 120–125, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Ben, L. Li, P.-J. Rong et al., “Observation of pain-sensitive points along the meridians in patients with gastric ulcer or gastritis,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 130802, 7 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Chae, H.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Lee et al., “The alteration of pain sensitivity at disease-specific acupuncture points in premenstrual syndrome,” The Journal of Physiological Sciences, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 115–119, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. L. Wang, Distribution of the Activated Acupoints and Expression in the Local Activated Acupoints about CGRP and Mast Cell in Acute Intestinal Mucosal Injury Rat Model, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China, 2014.
Z. D. Zhang, Z. Y. Guo, H. J. Wei et al., “Comparative study of reflectance spectroscopy of human laogong acupoint and non-acupoint tissues irradiated by near-infrared laser,” Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2930–2933, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
C.-Q. Yan, S. Zhang, Q.-Q. Li et al., “Detection of peripheral and central sensitisation at acupoints in patients with unilateral shoulder pain in Beijing: a cross-sectional matched case-control study,” BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 6, Article ID e014438, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-M. Jung, S.-H. Lee, Y.-S. Lee, and Y. Chae, “Exploring spatial patterns of acupoint indications from clinical data: a STROBE-compliant article,” Medicine (Baltimore), vol. 96, no. 17, Article ID e6768, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Chen, Y. Miao, Y. Nan et al., “The study of dynamic characteristic of acupoints based on the primary dysmenorrhea patients with the tenderness reflection on diji (SP 8),” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2015, Article ID 158012, 9 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Fu, H. F. Zhang, F. Li et al., “Observation on the distribution of heat-sensitized acupoints in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 325–327, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Xie, Z. Liu, X. Hou et al., “Heat sensitisation in suspended moxibustion: features and clinical relevance,” Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 422–424, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. F. Lin, J. M. Lu, Y. N. Su, Z. B. Zhong, and Z. D. Zhang, “Clinical trials for treatment of allergic rhinitis with heat sensitive moxibustion and its regularity of heat-sensitization acupoint distribution,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 527–532, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Fu, H. Zhang, B. Zhang, and M. Kang, “Clinical observation of therapeutic methods of different sensitive types for lumbar disc herniation,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1253–1257, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Qi, L. Chen, X. Zhang et al., “Distribution of algesia sensitized acupoints in the patients of intestinal cancer,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 963–966, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
B. B. Xing, M. Huang, G. H. Chen, D. Zhang, and G. H. Ding, “Observation on acupoint sensitization phenomenon in experimental myocardial ischemia rabbits,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 327–331, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Z. Qi, The Control Study of Heat Sensitization Moxibustion Treatment for Asthma, and the Relationship between Moxibustion Feeling and Moxibustion Quantity, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, 2011.
F. F. Chai, Clinical Research on the Effects and Law of Acupoints Thermal Moxibustion Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, 2012.
Q. Su, Research about Influence on Gallbladder Contraction Function with Acupuncturing Yanglingquan Point, Dannang Point, and the Non-Acupoint, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China, 2012.
X. Z. Zhao, “Tenderness at Lanwei point in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis,” Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 31–35, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
L. K. P. Suen, C. H. Yeh, S. K. W. Yeung et al., “Association between auricular signals and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome,” Medicines, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 45, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Liu, L. D. Jiang, and J. P. Zhao, “Clinical study on correlativity of stagnation of the liver-qi with tenderness response of auricular points,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 345–348, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Dong, G. L. Liu, and S. M. Zhao, “Pressure pain threshold (PPT) of auricular points changes in gastric and duodenal bulb ulcers patients,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 8, pp. 39-40, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
X. M. Liu, Y. M. Zhong, Y. P. Wang et al., “Changes of the physical characteristic appearance of auricular point surface of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion patients,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 311–313, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
J. F. Audette, F. Wang, and H. Smith, “Bilateral activation of motor unit potentials with unilateral needle stimulation of active myofascial trigger points,” American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 368–374, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Koltzenburg, P. D. Wall, and S. B. McMahon, “Does the right side know what the left is doing?” Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 122–127, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ashina, L. Bendtsen, M. Ashina, W. Magerl, and R. Jensen, “Generalized hyperalgesia in patients with chronic tension-type headache,” Cephalalgia, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 940–948, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. O’Neill, C. Manniche, T. Graven-Nielsen, and L. Arendt-Nielsen, “Generalized deep-tissue hyperalgesia in patients with chronic low back pain,” European Journal of Pain, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 415–420, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-Y. Ge, C. Fernández-de-las-Peñas, P. Madeleine, and L. Arendt-Nielsen, “Topographical mapping and mechanical pain sensitivity of myofascial trigger points in the infraspinatus muscle,” European Journal of Pain, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 859–865, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Zhang, Y.-G. Zhu, S.-Y. Wang et al., “Infrared thermoimages display of body surface temperature reaction in experimental cholecystitis,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 323–327, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Zheng, J. Xu, X. Pan et al., “Law of changes in temperature of stomach channel’s acupoints and the effects of electrical acupuncture during gastrointestinal function skewness,” China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 5518–5520, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Chen, “Study of the infrared radiation temperature characteristic of point Zhongji (CV 3) in overactive bladder patients,” Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 438–440, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Ovechkin, K.-S. Kim, J.-W. Lee, and S.-M. Lee, “Thermo-visual evaluation of the yin-tang acupuncture point for intracranial hypertension syndrome,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 455–466, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wu, X. Liu, W. Hong, and D. Zhang, “Research on the correlation between the temperature asymmetry at acupoint of healthy and affected side and the severity index of facial paralysis,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 953–956, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Chen, X. Feng, Y. Zhang et al., “Study on skin temperature Yifeng (SJ 17) in patients of idiopathic facial palsy by infrared thermograph,” Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1554–1556, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zheng, Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, S. Hu, P. Lu, and X. Shen, “The infrared radiation temperature characteristic of acupoints of mammary gland hyperplasia patients,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 567987, 5 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Wang, X. Shen, J. Ying et al., “Pathologic analysis on hyperplasia of mammary gland with different syndromes based on infrared radiation temperature of acupoints,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 382–387, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. X. Chen, M. R. Chen, and Q. L. Li, “Comparative study on moxibustion and infrared method for detection of the heat-sensitive state of Feishu point in patients with bronchial asthma (chronic period),” Jiangxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 42, no. 337, pp. 12–14, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
R. X. Chen, M. R. Chen, M. F. Kang et al., “Comparative study on moxibustion and infrared method for detection of the heat-sensitive state of Yaoyangguan (GV 3) in patients of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion,” World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 21–26, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Agarwal-Kozlowski, A.-C. Lange, and H. Beck, “Contact-free infrared thermography for assessing effects during acupuncture: a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial,” Anesthesiology, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 632–639, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E.-M. Jun, S. Chang, D.-H. Kang, and S. Kim, “Effects of acupressure on dysmenorrhea and skin temperature changes in college students: a non-randomized controlled trial,” International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 973–981, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Z. Li and F. R. Liang, “Research progress in the specificity of acupoints,” Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, vol. 12, no. 33, pp. 6535–6538, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
A. C. Ahn and Ø. G. Martinsen, “Electrical characterization of acupuncture points: technical issues and challenges,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 817–824, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Reichmanis, A. A. Marino, and R. O. Becker, “Electrical correlates of acupuncture points,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-22, no. 6, pp. 533–535, 1975.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. M. Wong, “Preliminary investigation: acupoint-skin conductance in stroke survivors,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, vol. 39, no. 3-4, pp. 159–162, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. P. C. Ngai, A. Y. M. Jones, and E. K. W. Cheng, “Lung meridian acupuncture point skin impedance in asthma and description of a mathematical relationship with FEV1,” Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol. 179, no. 2-3, pp. 187–191, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. F. She, L. H. Sun, X. H. Li et al., “Change laws of resistance ratio in Sanyinjiao (SP6) in patients with primary dysmenorrheal,” Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 496–499, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. L. Wei and Y. W. Tu, “Advances of studies on the biophysical characteristics of channels and acupoints,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 817–819, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
D. K. Wang, S. Y. Li, and Y. F. Li, “Observation of infrasonic wave system and original status of meridian,” Journal of Medical Research, pp. 26-27, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Liu, Psychosomatic Symptoms and Acoustoelectric Features at Acupoints of the Spleen and Stomach Meridian in Functional Dyspepsia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China, 2007.
H. P. Liu, X. Y. Shen, H. P. Deng et al., “Infrared spectrum research in patients with coronary heart disease,” Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 52-53, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Q. Zhang, G. H. Ding, X. Y. Shen, H. P. Liu, W. Yao, and H. P. Deng, “Difference of the infrared spectra radiated from the acupoints between healthy volunteers and patients of coronary heart disease,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 846–849, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
H. P. Liu, X. Y. Shen, G. H. Ding et al., “Research on the infrared radiation spectrum of daling (PC 7) of the patients with coronary heart disease,” Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1967-1968, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Zhao, X. Y. Shen, G. H. Ding et al., “Study on the infrared radiation spectrums of taixi between patients with coronary heart disease and healthy people,” Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 461-462, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Zhou, X.-Y. Shen, L.-Z. Wang, J.-Z. Wei, and K. Cheng, “The infrared radiation spectrum of acupoint taiyuan (LU 9) in asthma patients,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 187–192, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Shen, G. Ding, H. Deng et al., “Infrared radiation spectrum of acupuncture point on patients with coronary heart disease,” The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 211–218, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ying, X. Y. Shen, G. H. Ding et al., “Study on surface infrared radiation spectrums of danzhong (CV 17) in the patient of hyperplasia of mammary glands,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 499–502, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
P. J. Rong, X. Li, L. Li et al., “Mechanism of dorsal column nuclei in acupoint sensitization phenomena,” World Chinese Medicine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 249–254, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Latremoliere and C. J. Woolf, “Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity,” Journal of Pain, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 895–926, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Q. Li, P. J. Rong, W. D. Xu et al., “Conditioning stimulation induced change in receptive field of spinal neuron,” Chinese Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 316–319, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Gao, Meridian Examination and Diagnosis in Patients with Bronchial Asthma, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China, 2011.
D. Zhang, “Development of researches on the connective tissues and acupuncture,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 77–80, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Ding, J. Jiang, P. Qin, Q. Wang, J. Hu, and Z. Li, “Mast cells are important regulator of acupoint sensitization via the secretion of tryptase, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 3, Article ID e0194022, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Shi, B. Cheng, J. H. Li et al., “Mast cell and substance P are involved in the process of acupoint sensitization induced by acute gastric mucosal injury,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 323–329, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
W. He, X.-Y. Wang, H. Shi et al., “Cutaneous neurogenic inflammation in the sensitized acupoints induced by gastric mucosal injury in rats,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 141, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. B. Xing, M. Huang, D. Zhang, and G. H. Ding, “Subcutaneous metabolites involving acupoint sensitization induced by myocardial ischemia and acupuncture stimulation in rabbits,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 433–439, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Lei, G. Ye, J.-T. Wu, A. Pertovaara, and H.-J. You, “Role of capsaicin- and heat-sensitive afferents in stimulation of acupoint-induced pain and analgesia in humans,” Neuroscience, vol. 358, pp. 325–335, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D.-H. Kim, Y. Ryu, D. H. Hahm et al., “Acupuncture points can be identified as cutaneous neurogenic inflammatory spots,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, Article ID 15214, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Ding, J. Jiang, X. Liu, Y. Xu, J. Hu, and Z. Li, “Laser speckle imaging of sensitized acupoints,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2018, Article ID 7308767, 9 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. J. Loutit, T. Maddess, S. J. Redmond, J. W. Morley, G. J. Stuart, and J. R. Potas, “Characterisation and functional mapping of surface potentials in the rat dorsal column nuclei,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 595, no. 13, pp. 4507–4524, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Shimazu, E. Shibuya, S. Takehana et al., “Local administration of resveratrol inhibits excitability of nociceptive wide-dynamic range neurons in rat trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis,” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 124, pp. 262–268, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Martins and I. Tavares, “Reticular formation and pain: the past and the future,” Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, vol. 11, p. 51, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Li, Mechanism of Moxibustion Effect and Acupoint Sensitization: From Spinal Cord to Medulla Oblongata, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, 2011.
L. Li, L. Yu, P. Rong et al., “Visceral nociceptive afferent facilitates reaction of subnucleus reticularis dorsalis to acupoint stimulation in rats,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 931283, 7 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. J. Rong, S. Li, H. Ben et al., “Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of acupoint sensitization phenomenon,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 742195, 6 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P.-J. Rong, J.-J. Zhao, L.-L. Yu et al., “Function of nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis thalami in acupoint sensitization phenomena,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2015, Article ID 516851, 6 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. J. Traub, P. Pechman, M. J. Iadarola, and G. F. Gebhart, “Fos-like proteins in the lumbosacral spinal cord following noxious and non-noxious colorectal distention in the rat,” Pain, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 393–403, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. B. Qi, Neurobiological Mechanisms of Chronic Visceral Hyperalgesia and Acupuncture Analgesia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 2011.
J. Xiong, A Fmri Study of Heat-Sensitized Acupoint Dubi in the Patients of Knee Osteoarthritis, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, 2014.
K.-F. Wang, L.-J. Zhang, F. Lu, Y.-H. Lu, and C.-H. Yang, “Can ashi points stimulation have specific effects on shoulder pain? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials,” Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 467–472, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Wong Lit Wan, Y. Wang, C. C. L. Xue, L. P. Wang, F. R. Liang, and Z. Zheng, “Local and distant acupuncture points stimulation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review on the comparative effects,” European Journal of Pain, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1232–1247, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. H. Si, The Clinical Study on Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache by Triple Needling on Focal Point, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, 2012.
K. Itoh, Y. Katsumi, and H. Kitakoji, “Trigger point acupuncture treatment of chronic low back pain in elderly patients—a blinded RCT,” Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 170–177, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Itoh, S. Hirota, Y. Katsumi, H. Ochi, and H. Kitakoji, “Trigger point acupuncture for treatment of knee osteoarthritis—a preliminary RCT for a pragmatic trial,” Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Itoh, Y. Katsumi, S. Hirota, and H. Kitakoji, “Randomised trial of trigger point acupuncture compared with other acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 172–179, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. C. Lv, B. H. Ge, and K. J. Chen, “Treating toothache by needling tender point around the umbilicus,” Shanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 21, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. L. Liu and S. Wang, “Clinical observation of thread embedding at tender points on the governor vessel for intractable insomnia,” Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1188-1189, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Z. Xin and H. X. Zhang, “Acupuncture on tender points for acute bacillary dysentery: an observation of 88 patients,” Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 34-35, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Romoli, G. Allais, G. Airola, and C. Benedetto, “Ear acupuncture in the control of migraine pain: selecting the right acupoints by the “needle-contact test”,” Neurological Sciences, vol. 26, no. S2, pp. s158–s161, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Y. Le and X. S. Yang, “Needling tender points for 129 patients with renal colic,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 119-120, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Chen, J. Xiong, Z. Chi, and B. Zhang, “Heat-sensitive moxibustion for lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 322–328, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Xiong, Z. Liu, R. Chen, D. Xie, Z. Chi, and B. Zhang, “Effectiveness and safety of heat-sensitive moxibustion on bronchial asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 392–400, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Chen, M. Chen, T. Su et al., “Heat-sensitive moxibustion in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a three-armed multicentre randomised active control trial,” Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 262–269, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Zhang, The Correlated Study between Moxibustion Sense and Moxibustion Effect through Heat-Sensitive Moxibustion Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China, 2012.
M.-R. Chen, A.-J. Xiao, L. He, X. Ouyang, and J.-M. Liu, “Comparison of the anti-apoptotic effects of 15- and 35-minute suspended moxibustion after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,” Neural Regeneration Research, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 257–264, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Zhang, F. Xie, H. Gong et al., “Effects of heat-sensitive moxibustion on HPA axis in rats with irritable bowel syndrome,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 1315–1321, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
C. C. Lei, L. Li, H. Zhang et al., “Effect of electroacupuncture stimulation of sensitized acupoints on bowel dysfunction in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome,” Zhen Ci Yan Jiu, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 413–417, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
J.-J. Xing, B.-Y. Zeng, J. Li, Y. Zhuang, and F.-R. Liang, “Acupuncture point specificity,” International Review of Neurobiology, vol. 111, pp. 49–65, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. R. Liang, Z. Fang, L. Zhao, and Y. Tang, “Specificity of acupoint effects and its fundamental laws,” Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 129–132, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
Y.-T. Li, L.-N. Tang, Y. Ning et al., “In vivo monitoring of serotonin by nanomaterial functionalized acupuncture needle,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, Article ID 28018, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Tang, Y. Li, H. Xie et al., “A sensitive acupuncture needle microsensor for real-time monitoring of nitric oxide in acupoints of rats,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, Article ID 6446, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Huang, X. Wang, B. Xing et al., “Critical roles of TRPV2 channels, histamine H1 and adenosine A1 receptors in the initiation of acupoint signals for acupuncture analgesia,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, Article ID 6523, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Huijuan Tan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2014

Downloads

1274

Citations