The Meaning of Plants’ Names: A New Discovering Approach to Its Medicinal and/or Toxic Properties

Table 1

Ninety species grouped by family, currently accepted name, name found in the literature, vernacular name, possible medicinal and/or toxic properties, ethnobotanical/ethnopharmacological data (“ethno”), and pharmacological data (both obtained from the scientific literature).

Family	Currently accepted name	Species found in the literature	Vernacular name	Possible medicinal and/or toxic properties	“ETHNO” data (ethnobotany/ethnopharmacology)	Pharmacological data
Achariaceae (2 species)	Asclepias campestris Vell.	Asclepias curassavica L.	Cega-olhos	POI (cega-olhos = blind eyes)	May cause corneal edema, used for fever, bleeding control, and as a purgative [18–23]	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and cardiovascular properties [24]
	Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) A Gray♦	Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) A. Gray	Fructa-de-arara-de-lepra	INF (lepra = Hansen’s disease)	Antileprosy [25]	Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties [26]
			Herva-de-piolho	DER (herva-de-piolho = herb of lice)	Treatment of skin conditions [27]
Amaranthaceae (3 species)	Blutaparon vermiculare (L.) Mears♦	Gomphrena vermicularis L.		PAR (vermicularis = worm-like)	Dysentery, diarrhoea, stomach and kidney problems [28]	ND
	Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants	Chenopodium anthelminticum L.		PAR (anthelminticum = vermifuge, worm expelling)	Antiparasitic , analgesic, antiasthmatic, digestive, and antihemorrhoidal activities [29–32]	Antiparasitic, trypanocidal, and antileishmanial activities [33]
	Gomphrena antilethargica Silveira	Gomphrena antilethargica Silveira		NER (anti-lethargica = antilethargic)	ND	ND
Amaryllidaceae (3 species)	Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb.	Brunsvigia toxicaria (L.f. ex Aiton) Ker Gawl.		POI (toxicaria = toxic, containing a poisonous substance)	hallucinations, stupor and coma, hysteria, headaches, used for boils, burns and abdominal pain [34–37]	Depressive effects on the central nervous system, can cause seizures and difficulty breathing [38]
	Crinum asiaticum L.	Crinum toxicarium Roxb.		POI (toxicarium = toxic, containing a poisonous molecule)	Edema, fever, bruises, fractures, rheumatism, earache, mumps, tonsillitis, gastrointestinal complaints, hernia, to treat vomiting and urinary difficulties [39–41]	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities in wound healing [42]
	Haemanthus toxicarius L.f. ex Aiton	Haemanthus toxicarius L.f. ex Aiton		POI (toxicarius = toxic, containing a poisonous molecule)	Urinary diseases, skin diseases, swelling, hematoma, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, used as a dart poison [43, 44]	Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, causes hallucinations, treatment for anxiety, stress, and Alzheimer’s disease [45]
Anacardiaceae (2 species)	Persea caustica Spreng.	Persia caustica = Persea caustica Spreng.		POI (caustica = with caustic taste, mouthburn)	ND	ND
	Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.	Rhus toxicarium Salisb.		POI (toxicarium = toxic, containing a poisonous molecule)	Causes skin irritation, used for swelling, antiseptic activity, used as poison [46]	Protection against inflammatory lesions, hematologic alterations, and arthritis pain [47]
		Rhus toxicodendron L.		POI (toxicodendron = poison tree)
Annonaceae (1 species)	Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. ♦	Uvaria febrifuga Humb. & Bonpl. ex DC.		MET (febrifuga = fever-dispelling)	malaria and fever [48].	in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum [49]
Apocynaceae (3 species)	Allamanda schottii Pohl ♦	Allamanda cathartica Schrad.		GAS (cathartica = purgative, purging, cathartic)	Cathartic, emetic, colic , antifungal and antiviral activities, used to treat fever, diabetes, reduces inflammation, diuretic, and increases blood flow [50–55]	Compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, cause infertility, purgative and wound healing [56]
	Aspidosperma illustre (Vell.) Kuhlm. & Pirajá♦	Aspidosperma illustre (Vell.) Kuhlm. & Pirajá	Erva-venenosa	POI (erva-venenosa = poison weed)	ND	ND
	Schubertia multiflora Mart.	Schubertia multiflora Mart.	Maria-da-costa- peidorreira	GAS (peidorreira = farting)	Abortive and emmenagogue [57]	ND
Aquifoliaceae (1 species)	Ilex diuretica Mart. ex Reissek♦	Ilex diuretica Mart. ex Reissek		URO (diuretica = diuretic)	diuretic and used for urinary infections, used for high blood pressure and wound healing [58]	ND
Araceae (1 species)	Anthurium parasiticum (Vell.) Stellfeld ♦	Pothos parasiticus Vell.		PAR (parasiticus = living at the expense of another, parasitic)	ND	ND
Aristolochiaceae (2 species)	Aristolochia theriaca Mart. ex Duch. ♦	Aristolochia theriaca Mart. ex Duch.		GYN (Aristolochia = best-childbirth, abortifacient property)/ANT (theriaca = antidote, theriacs are antidotes to poisons and bites of wild beasts)	Antiophidic action [59]	ND
	Aristolochia triangularis Cham. ♦	Aristolochia antihysterica Mart. ex Duch.		GYN (Aristolochia = abortive)/NER (antihysterica = antihysteria)	Hysteria attacks, soothing nerves , antiseptic use, infections, skin diseases, ulcers, diuretic, edema, malaria, parasites, hypertension, dysentery, diarrhoea, abortive and antirheumatic [27, 60, 61]	Anti-inflammatory activity [61]
Bignoniaceae (4 species)	Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart. ♦	Bignonia antisyphilitica Mart.		INF (syphilitica = to treat syphilis)	Antisyphilitic activity, lotions against syphilitic ulcers, decoction and infusion to treat dysuria, swelling, and water retention [62]	Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti [63]
		Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart.
		Phryganocydia antisyphilitica Mart. ex DC.
	Handroanthus barbatus (E.Mey.) Mattos ♦	Couralia toxophora (Mart.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex K.Schum.		POI (toxophora = toxic, containing a poisonous substance)	Antimalarial activity [64]	ND
	Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos ♦	Tecoma impetiginosa Mart.	ipê-contra-sarna	DER (sarna = scabies)	Fever reducer, venereal and rheumatic disorders, for skin disorders (eczema, herpes, and mange) and ulcers [64]	Anti-inflammatory, antiautoimmune activities , and anticancer [60, 65, 66]
	Kordelestris syphilitica Arruda	Kordelestris syphilitica Arruda		INF (antisyphilitica = anti- syphilis)	Treatment of skin diseases (scarring) , respiratory and digestive disorders [67]	ND
Cactaceae (2 species)	Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn ♦	Rhipsalis parasitica (Lam.) Haw.		PAR (parasitica = living at the expense of another, parasitic)	ND	ND
	Rhipsalis undulata Pfeiff.	Cactus parasiticus L.		PAR (parasiticus = living at the expense of another, parasitic)	ND	ND
Caryocaraceae (1 species)	Caryocar glabrum (Aubl.) Pers.	Caryocar toxiferum Barb.Rodr.		POI (toxiferum = toxic, containing a poisonous substance)	ND	ND
Celastraceae (1 species)	Monteverdia truncata (Nees) Biral	Monteverdia truncata (Nees) Biral	Erva-botão-cancerosa/erva-botão-cancrosa	CAN (cancerosa/cancrosa = cancerous)	Stomach problems [68]	ND
Commelinaceae (1 species)	Tripogandra diuretica (Mart.) Handlos ♦	Tradescantia diuretica Mart.		URO (diuretica = diuretic)	Diuretic, urinary, liver, disorders [69].	ND
Compositae (5 species)	Achillea ptarmica L.	Achillea ptarmica L.		DER (Achillea = used by Achilles to staunch wounds)/RES (ptarmica = causing sneezes)	ND	ND
	Mikania cynanchifolia Hook. & Arn. ex B.L.Rob. ♦	Mikania cynanchifolia Hook. & Arn. ex Baker		POI (cynanchifolia- cynanchicus = of quinsy, literally dog throttling, from its former medicinal use)	ND	ND
	Solidago chilensis Meyen♦	Solidago vulneraria Mart. ex Baker		DER (vulneraria = wounds, healing wounds)	Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and gastrointestinal disorders [70]	Decreased gastric lesions [71]
	Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip.	Parthenium matricaria Gueldenst.		GYN (matricaria = maternal care, former medicinal use in treatment of uterine infections; parthenium = for labor)	Fevers, rheumatoid arthritis, migraines, toothache, stomach pain, insect bites, infertility, and problems with menstruation or during childbirth [72–77]	Treatment for smooth muscle spasms, prophylactic treatment for migraine, inhibition of histamine release (inflammatory processes), uterine-stimulant activities [78, 79]
	Xanthium catharticum Kunth	Xanthium catharticum Kunth		GAS (catharticum = purgative, purging, cathartic)	ND	ND
Convolvulaceae (2 species)	Ipomoea dumosa (Benth.) L.O. Williams ♦	Exogonium purga (Wender.) Benth.		GAS (purga = purgative)	purgative [80]	ND
	Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb.♦	Ipomoea operculata Mart. & Spix	Batata-aipo-de-purga	GAS (purga = purgative)	Purgative, anthelmintic, blood purifier and treatment for uterine infection [81]	It has resin glycosides known as purgative ingredients [82].
Cucurbitaceae (3 species)	Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich.	Ecballium purgans Schrad.		GAS (purga = purgative)	ND	ND
	Luffa sepium (G.Mey.) C.Jeffrey	Luffa purgans (Mart.) Mart.		GAS (purga = purgative)	Swelling, chronic ophthalmia (eye diseases), and emetic properties [62]	ND
	Momordica anthelmintica Schumach. & Thonn.	Momordica anthelmintica Schumach. & Thonn.		PAR (anthelmintica = vermifuge, worm expelling)	ND	ND
Erythroxylaceae (1 species)	Erythroxylum cataractarum Spruce ex Peyr.♦	Erythroxylum cataractarum Spruce ex Peyr.		EYE (cataractarum = cataract)	The snuff protects people from bad weather, such as cold and rain, and from long, sleep-disturbing activities [83–85]	ND
Euphorbiaceae (4 species)	Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur♦	Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur	Queimadeira	POI (urens = queimadeira = acrid, stinging, burning, to burn)	Antiparasitic, to treat boils and “ringworm” (superficial skin mycoses), itching, injuries, skin infections, skin wounds, stomach pain, uterine infections, and blood purification [86]	Contains several toxins, such as curcin (toxalbumin phytotoxin), hydrocyanic acid, atropine, tetramethylpyrazine, glycoside, and curcanoleic acid [87, 88]
		Jatropha urens L.
	Croton antisyphiliticus Mart. ♦	Croton antysiphiliticus Mart.		INF (antisyphilitica = anti-syphilis)	Syphilis, rheumatisms, ulcerative lesions, inflammatory diseases, genital infections, and venereal cancers and to treat infections of the urogenital tract [89–91]	Nematocidal activity in vitro [92]
	Euphorbia ophthalmica Pers. ♦	Euphorbia ophthalmica Pers.		EYE (ophthalmica = ophtalmic)	ND	ND
	Jatropha podagrica Hook.	Jatropha podagrica Hook.		MET (podagrica = snare, of gout, used to treat gout)	Antipyretic, diuretic, choleretic and purgative, to cure oral candidiasis in infants, to treat worms, skin diseases, and as a wound dressing [93, 94]	Antitumor, antimicrobial, molluscicidal, and insecticidal activities [95]
Fabaceae (5 species)	Andira fraxinifolia Benth. ♦	Andira fraxinifolia Benth.	Mata-baratas	POI (mata-baratas = insecticide)	Antihelminthic activity (the genus Andira is still used despite its toxic effects) [96]	ND
		Andira anthelmintica Benth.		PAR (anthelmintica = vermifuge, worm expelling)
	Andira vermifuga Benth. ♦	Geoffroea vermifuga Mart.		PAR (vermifuga = vermifuge, worm expelling)	Andira species are commonly used for their antihelminthic properties [97]	ND
		Andira vermifuga Benth.
	Chamaecrista cathartica (Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ♦	Cassia cathartica Mart.		GAS (cathartica = purgative, purging, cathartic)	ND	Purgative properties [98]
	Chamaecrista nictitans var. jaliscensis (Greenm.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby ♦	Cassia hypnotica Vell.		NER (hypnotica = hypnotic)	ND	ND
	Vouacapoua vermifuga (Mart. ex Benth.) Kuntze	Vouacapoua vermifuga (Mart. ex Benth.) Kuntze		PAR (vermifuga = vermifuge, worm expelling)	ND	ND
Hypericaceae (1 species)	Vismia latifolia (Aubl.) Choisy ♦	Vismia latifolia (Aubl.) Choisy	Pau-alazão-de-febre	MET (febre = antipyretic)	Tonic and febrifugal agent [99]	Vasodilator effect [100]
Iridaceae (2 species)	Trimezia cathartica (Klatt) Niederl.	Cypella cathartica (Klatt) Mart. ex Klatt		GAS (cathartica = purgative, purging, cathartic)	ND	ND
		Lansbergia catartica Klatt
	Trimezia juncifolia (Klatt) Benth. & Hook.f. ♦	Cypella purgans Mart. ex Klatt		GAS (purga = purgative)	For blood clearance, for intermittent wounds and as an anti-inflammatory [101]	ND
		Ferraria purgans Mart.
		Lansbergia purgans Klatt
Lamiaceae (1 species)	Leonurus cardiaca L.	Leonorus cardiaca L.		CAR (cardiaca = heart conditions)	Cardiac, nervous system problems, digestive disorders, bronchial asthma, climacteric symptoms, amenorrhoea, skin wounds, and inflammation [102]	Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, as well as effects on the heart and circulatory system, hypotensive effect, sedative and analgesic activities [103]
Lobariaceae (1 species)	Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.	Sticta pulmonaria (L.) Biroli		RES (pulmonaria = lungwort, the signature of the spotted leaves as indicative of efficacy in the treatment of respiratory disorders)	Used in pulmonary disorders [104]	ND
Loganiaceae (3 species)	Spigelia anthelmia L. ♦	Spigelia anthelmia L.	Lombrigueira/erva-das-lombrigas	PAR (lombrigueira; erva- das-lombrigas = roundword weed)	Anthelmintic and fish poison [105, 106]	Neuralgic and heart diseases [107]
	Strychnos nux-vomica L.	Strychnos nux-vomica L.		POI (Strychnos = poisonous, solanaceous plants)/GAS (nux-vomica = emetic nut)	Eye infection, emetic and snake bites [108]	Nervous system stimulant, analgesic action, aid in alcohol dependence, anti-inflammatory action, affects the immune system, antitumor activity, snake antivenom, effects on pathogenic microorganisms, toxic [47, 131]
	Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. ♦	Geniostoma febrifugum Spreng.		MET (febrifugum = antipyretic)	Abortive [9]	Mutagenic activity (leaves), antimalarial [9, 111]
Lythraceae (2 species)	Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link ♦	Ginoria syphilitica Moc. & Sessé ex DC.		INF (syphilitica = to treat syphilis)	Antimicrobial activity [112]	Antihypertensive, vasorelaxant effect [113]
	Nesaea syphilitica (DC.) Steu	Heimia syphilitica DC.		INF (syphilitica = to treat syphilis)	ND	ND
		Nesaea syphilitica (DC.) Steud.
Malvaceae (1 species)	Pavonia sidifolia Kunth ♦	Pavonia diuretica A.St.-Hil.		URO (diuretica = diuretic)	Emollient, diuretic, and dysuria [114]	ND
Melastomataceae (1 species)	Miconia tomentosa (Rich.) D. Don ex DC. ♦	Micania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch	Oiti-cagão	GAS (cagão = laxative)	Genital steam baths [115]	ND
Meliaceae (1 species)	Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer ♦	Guarea purgans A.Juss.		GAS (purga = purgative)	Malaria, flu and fever [116]	Wound-healing properties [117]
Moraceae (3 species)	Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.	Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.		POI (Antiaris = against association). The Javan upas tree, Antiaris toxicaria, reputedly causes the death of anyone who sleeps under it	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, antifungal, antibacterial, and for the treatment of dysentery [118]	Anticonvulsant activity, toxic [119]
	Ficus adhatodifolia Schott ♦	Ficus anthelminthica Mart.		PAR (anthelmintica = vermifuge, worm expelling)	Vermifuge [120, 121]	Antioxidant and mutagenic activity [122]
		Ficus vermifuga (Miq.) Miq.
		Pharmacosycea anthelmintica (rich. ex DC.) Miq.
		Pharmacosycea vermifuga Miq.
	Ficus gomelleira Kunth & C.D. Bouché ♦	Ficus gomelleira Kunth & C.D. Bouché	Gameleira-de-purga	GAS (purga = purgative)	vermifuge and purgative [114]	Modulator of bacterial activity [123]
Myrtaceae (3 species)	Eugenia dysenterica DC. ♦	Eugenia dysenterica DC.		GAS (dysenterica = disinteric)	Hookworm (anemia), high blood pressure, inflammation, vaginal discharge, diarrhoea, depurative, diabetes, malaria, and hepatic disease [86]	Antifungal activity, molluscicidal activity, therapeutic benefits in recovery from chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome , anticancer effects; hepatoprotection; antidiabetes; antimicrobials; and cardioprotective [124, 125]
		Stenocalyx dysentericus (DC.) O.Berg
	Eugenia myrcianthes Nied. ♦	Campomanesia cagaiteira Kiaersk.		GAS (cagaiteira = cathartic)	ND	ND
	Myrtus dysenterica Mart. ♦	Myrtus dysenterica Mart.		GAS (dysenterica = disinteric)	Diabetes, malaria, jaundice, and hepatic disease [124]	Anticancer effects, hepatoprotection, antidiabetes, antimicrobials, and cardioprotective [124]
Passifloraceae (2 species)	Passiflora coccinea Aubl. ♦	Passiflora toxicaria Barb. Rodr.		POI (toxicaria = toxic, containing a poisonous substance)	Psychoactive, hallucinogenic, stimulating, anxiolytic, dysmenorrhea of the genitourinary system, kidney stones, kidney disorders, and fever [126]	ND
	Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. ♦	Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward		NER (afrodisíaca = aphrodisiac)	Aphrodisiac, stimulant, nervous tonic, laxative, also acts in kidney, menstrual, and pregnancy disorders [127, 128]	Hypoglycemic activity, aphrodisiac activity [129]
Phyllanthaceae (1 species)	Phyllanthus urinaria L. ♦	Phyllanthus urinaria L.		URO (urinaria = diuretic)	Diabetes, malaria, jaundice, and liver disease [130–132]	Anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic , antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects [133]
Phytolaccaceae (1 species)	Microtea debilis Sw. ♦	Microtea debilis Swartz	Herva-mijona	URO (mijona = diuretic)	proteinuria [134]	proteinuria [135]
Poaceae (1 species)	Digitaria setigera Roth	Panicum pruriens Trin.		POI (pruriens = irritant, stinging, itch-causing)	ND	ND
Polygonaceae (1 species)	Polygonum antihaemorrhoidale Mart.	Polygonum antihaemorrhoidale Mart.		GAS (antihemorrhoidale = antihemorrhoidal)	Depurative, hemorrhoids, and diarrhoea [86]	Hemorrhoids and vermicide [136]
Ranunculaceae (2 species)	Handroanthus barbatus (E.Mey.) Mattos	Tecoma toxophora Mart.		POI (toxophora = toxic, containing a poisonous substance).	Antimalarial [137]	Cytotoxic activity [138]
	Helleborus foetidus L.	Helleborus foetidus L.		POI (Helleborus = poison-food)	ND	ND
Resedaceae (1 species)	Reseda odorata L.	Reseda odorata L.		DER (Reseda = the name, resedo, in Pliny refers to its use in treating bruises)	Stomach cramps [139]	anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities [140, 141]
Rhamnaceae (1 species)	Discaria americana Gillies & Hook. ♦	Discaria febrifuga Mart.		MET (febrifuga = antipyretic)	Tonic and febrifuge [142]	Antimicrobial activity [143]
Rubiaceae (3 species)	Palicourea rigida Kunth ♦	Palicourea diuretica Mart.		URO (diuretica = diuretic)	Kidney disease, inflammation, and urinary tract infections and female genital tract, hepatitis, and malaria [144–146]	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities [147]
	Richardia brasiliensis Gomes ♦	Richardsonia emetica Mart.		GAS (emetica = emetic)	Expectorant, diaphoretic, vermifuge, emetic, and to treat hemorrhoids [148].	Emetic, treat hemorrhoids, antidiabetic, vermifuge, eczema treatment, burns, bronchitis, flu, and avian malaria [149, 150].
	Ronabea emetica (L.f.) A.Rich. ♦	Cephaelis emetica (L.f.) Pers.		GAS (emetica = emetic)	emetic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic , expectorant, to treat hemorrhoids , diaphoretic, and vermifuge [151, 152]	Antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiproliferative activities [153]
		Psychotria emetica L.f.
Rutaceae (4 species)	Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) T.S.Elias	Cusparia febrifuga Humb. ex DC.		MET (febrifuga = antipyretic)	Tonic, antidiarrhoeal, diaphoretic, sweating, and bronchitis [154]	ND
	Conchocarpus toxicarius (Spruce ex Engl.) Kallunki & Pirani ♦	Cusparia toxicaria Engl.		POI (toxicaria = toxic, containing a poisonous substance)	ND	ND
		Galipea toxicaria Spruce ex Engl.
	Esenbeckia febrifuga (A.St.-Hil.) A.Juss. ex Mart. ♦	Evodia febrifuga A.St.-Hil.		MET (febrifuga = antipyretic)	Fevers, adenitis, dyspepsia, malaria, and constipation [155]	Antimalarial [156, 157]
		Esenbeckia febrifuga (A.St.-Hil.) A.Juss. ex Mart.
	Galipea jasminiflora (A.St.-Hil.) Engl.♦	Galipea febrifuga (A.St.-Hil.) Baill.		MET (febrifuga = antipyretic)	Against venereal warts, astringent, intermittent fevers, dyspepsia, antidiarrhoeal, infections, malaria, and venereal warts [158, 159]	Treatment for intermittent fever [86]
		Ticorea febrifuga A.St.-Hil.
Salicaceae (1 species)	Xylosma salzmannii (Clos) Eichler ♦	Xylosma salzmanni Eichl.	Quarenta- feridass/sessenta- feridas	INF (feridas = wounds)	Astringent and dye [160]	ND
Sapindaceae (1 species)	Matayba purgans (Poepp.) Radlk. ♦	Matayba purgans (Poepp.) Radlk.		GAS (purga = purgative)	ND	ND
Scrophulariaceae (1 species)	Capraria biflora L.♦	Capraria biflora L.	chá-bravo	POI (chá-bravo = wild tea)	For kidneys, stomach pains, ulcers, hemorrhoids, diarrhoea, vomiting, pain, flu, fever, rheumatism [161, 162]	Antibacterial, antitumor, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity [163]
Solanaceae (1 species)	Solanum stagnale Moric. ♦	Solanum stagnale Moric.	não-me-toque	POI (não-me-toque = do not touch me)	ND	ND
Tropaeolaceae (1 species)	Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam. ♦	Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam.	Chagas/chagueira	INF (chagas/chagueira = Chagas disease)	Cold and diabetes [164]	Anticoagulant [165]
Urticaceae (2 species)	Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudich. ex Griseb. ♦	Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.	Urtiga-brava-de-fogo	POI (urtiga = Nettle)	Relief from inflammation, diabetes, blood purification [166–168]	ND
	Urtica urens L.	Urtica urens L.		POI (Urtica = sting; urens = acrid, stinging, burning, to burn)	Allergy and atopic dermatitis antidiabetic, diuretic, depurative, and antirheumatic [169]	Tonic, sedative, analgesic, chemoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity, phytodermatoses [169, 170]

The 22 species whose “ethno” and pharmacological data are equivalent to plant lexicons. ♦ The 56 species native to Brazil. Bioprospecting categories: antidote (ANT), cancer (CAN), cardiovascular diseases (CAR), dermatologic disorders (DER), ophthalmic problems (EYE), gastrointestinal problems (GAS), gynecology (GYN), infections (INF), metabolic syndromes (MET), nervous system (NER), parasites (PAR), poisons (POI), respiratory complaints (RES), and urology (URO). ND: no data found. The possible medicinal and/or toxic property column follows the bioprospecting classification.