Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Mental Health and Psychological Quality of Life among University Students: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review

Table 4

Effect sizes of MBSR versus control interventions.

Outcome	No. of studies	No. of sample	Standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval)	Heterogeneity value	(%)	Test for overall effect value
Anxious	16 [25, 26, 28–30, 33–36, 38–41, 43–48]	1484	−0.29 (−0.49, −0.09)		72.4
Depression	16 [26, 28, 29, 34–37, 39–44, 47, 48, 51]	1258	−0.32 (−0.62, −0.02)		86.0
Perceived stress	17 [24–28, 30–33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 50–53]	1375	−0.41 (−0.60, −0.29)		70.7
Sleep quality	3 [26–31, 31–37]	280	−0.20 (−0.06, 0.20)		63.4
Mindfulness	15 [25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35–37, 40, 44, 45, 47, 50, 53]	1180	0.34 (0.08, 0.59)		80.5
Self-kindness	11 [22, 25–27, 30, 35–37, 43, 44, 50]	706	0.57 (0.30, 1.12)		93.2
Social function	5 [26, 33, 37, 40, 48]	453	−0.71 (−2.40, 0.97)		98.1
Subjective well-being	11 [24–26, 31, 32, 36–38, 40, 44, 50]	1050	0.07 (−0.18, 0.32)		78.5
Physical health	6 [26, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43]	504	−0.59 (−1.14, −0.14)		86