| | China | Japan | US | EU27 |
| | Real GDP | 11.05 | 1.97 | 2.91 | 2.44 | | Technological change | 5.38 | 2.00 | 1.32 | 1.67 | | Population | 0.25 | 2.42 | 4.63 | 1.83 | | Real investment | 16.25 | 0.45 | 4.43 | 1.55 | | Errors in expectations/risk premia | 16.26 | 17.12 | 20.33 | 18.35 | | Real supply of unskilled labour | 1.23 | -0.16 | 1.21 | 0.17 | | Real supply of skilled labour | 3.69 | -0.66 | 1.22 | 0.31 |
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