Socioeconomic Conditions and Risk of Mental Depression: An Empirical Analysis for Brazilian Citizens

Table 6

Primary studies on depression and mental illness.

Author	Data	Method used	Key results
Depression and age
Mirowski and Ross; [14]	Aging, status, and the sense of control (ASOC) for 1995 and 1998—EUA	OLS	Depression associated with financial difficulties decreases with older age
Mirowsky [15]	Survey of Work, Family and Well-being (WFW)−1990, Illinois Survey of Well-being (ISW)—1985, National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)-1988/89, EUA	OLS	Depression affects men and women at different ages, especially at older ages.
Depression and education
Chevalier and; Feinstein [16]	National Child Development Study (NCDS), United Kingdom	Propensity score matching	The depression risk decreases with education, especially for women.
Ross and; Mirowski [17]	Survey of Aging, Status, and the Sense of Control (ASOC)—1995, USA	OLS	The depression risk in women decrease as the level of education increases.
Santos and; Kassouf [18]	National Survey by Household Sampling (NSHS)—2003, Brazil	Probit	Education reduces the depression risk, especially in women
Depression and marriage
Rosenfield [19]	Social Psychiatric Research Unit at Columbia University—1965	Descriptive data analysis	The depression risk is higher for women when the division of labor is traditional, that is, the husband works outside the home and the woman only in the home. When both work, however, the depression risk is higher for men
Mirowsky [20]	Telephone Survey of a National Probability Sample of US Household—1978, USA	OLS	Inequity in marital power produces depression. Each spouse is least depressed if marital power is shared to some extent. There is a U-shaped relationship between depression; and marital power.
Wu and Hart [21]	National Population Health Survey (NPHS) 1994-1995, Canada	Panel data model	Divorce/separation increases the depression risk.
Brown [22]	National Survey of Family and Households (NSFH)—1987/1988, EUA	OLS	Depression risk is higher for people that live together but are not married (in stable union) than for legally married individuals.
Dehle and; Weiss [23]	Primary data with interviews in 1998	Hierarchical regression model	Lack of communication and conflict at beginning of marriage increases depression risk
Depression and other diseases
Barkow et al. [24]	The WHO Collaborative Study on “Psychological Problems in General Health Care”—1995	Logit	Chronic physical diseases increase risk of depression
Moussavi et al. [25]	World Health Survey (WHS)—2006, various countries	OLS	Depression associated with chronic physical illnesses worsens health status more than depression alone.
Depression and gender
Aneshensel et al. [26]	Primary data done in Los Angeles, USA, after interviews in 1979	GLS	Family and work roles tend to be associated with reduced depression risk, with greater effects on men
Newmann [27]	Psychiatric Evaluation Research Instrument—1978— Winsconsin, USA	OLS	Women are more likely than men to suffer hardships associated with the absence of a spouse, social isolation, financial difficulties, and chronic health problems. However, none of these hardships has a significantly greater impact on depressive syndrome levels for women than for men
Fryers et al. [28]	General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)—various countries	Meta-analysis	Women generally present more depressive symptoms than men
Depression and race
Mezuk et al. [29]	The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, 1993–2004—Maryland, USA	Multiple logistic regression	Depression risk is lower among African-Americans
Riolo et al. [30]	The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1994—USA	Logit	Prevalence of depression is higher for whites than for African-Americans and Mexican-Americans
Jackson et al. [31]	Americans’ Changing Lives study, 1986 and 1989—USA	Logit	Between individuals that have unhealthy behaviors, whites are more likely to have depression
Depression and urban/rural areas
Paykel et al. [32]	the Household Survey of the National Morbidity Survey of Great Britain—1993	Multivariate Logit	Mental illnesses are more common among people living in urban areas
Wang [33]	Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS), 1998–1999, Canada	Odds Ratio/Correlation analysis	Prevalence rate of depression is higher in urban areas
Depression and Climate/season
Harmatz et al. [34]	Fallon Healthcare System—1999—USA	Multivariate Analysis	Depression risk is higher in winter and for women
Oyane et al. [35]	The Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)−1997—99—Norway	Logit	In colder periods, prevalence rate of depression is higher
Magnusson [36]	Diverse studies for various countries	Literature overview	Prevalence of depression has peaks in winter