Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness, Domestic Demand, and Exchange Rate on the Export Performance of Bangladesh: A VEC Approach

Table 4

PP unit root test for stationarity.

	Level		First difference
	Intercept	Intercept plus trend	Intercept	Intercept plus trend
EXPG	1.533520	−2.528736	−6.392610***	−7.270672***
FDIG	−1.505811	−2.953038	−6.193253***	−6.035065***
GFCG	−3.280270**	−6.152219***	−16.95955***	−17.41754***
EXR	−0.650537	−1.995489	−3.472748***	−3.349969**
PDEN	−2.468145	−2.136851	−3.091485**	−3.289305**

Note: the Mackinnon [46] critical values are −3.699871 and −2.976263 at 1% and 5% levels of significance, respectively. ***indicates significance at the 1% level and **at the 5% level.