Addiction and the Utilization of Medical Care

Table 4

Estimation results of addictive factors on outpatient service utilization.

(a) Likelihood of outpatient services (𝑁=13,645)

	Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	Odds ratio	Standard error	Odds ratio	Standard error
DD	0.505***	0.080	0.743^+	0.122
SM	0.936	0.171	1.125	0.211
CBN	0.425***	0.046	0.635***	0.074
DD+SM	2.105	2.148	3.078	3.158
DD+CBN	0.326***	0.051	0.500***	0.083
SM+CBN	1.516	1.558	2.069	2.139
No addictive factors	Reference category		Reference category

(b) Frequency of outpatient visits (𝑁=12,468)

	Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	Coefficient	Standard error	Coefficient	Standard error
DD	−0.187**	0.060	−0.141***	0.055
SM	0.393***	0.052	0.310***	0.047
CBN	−0.086*	0.043	−0.074^+	0.040
DD+SM	0.099	0.200	0.045	0.180
DD+CBN	−0.281***	0.072	−0.308***	0.066
SM+CBN	0.160	0.235	0.049	0.211
No addictive factors	Reference category		Reference category

DD: deep drunk; SM: smoking cigarettes; CBN: chewing betel nut.
*** 𝑃<0.001, **𝑃<0.01, *𝑃<0.05, ⁺𝑃<0.1
^aUnadjusted model.
^bFully adjusted model controlling for socio-demographic, health status, and geographical factors.