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Table 1: Summary of the corrective effects of C-peptide on metabolic, molecular, functional, and structural parameters in DPN and primary diabetic encephalopathy. Arrows indicate a decrease () or increase () in the parameter in the non-C-peptide-treated situation. The original findings are referenced.

Diabetic Neuropathy Abnormality References Na+/K+-ATPase [29, 88] eNOS, NO [31, 95] c-fos [63] NFκB [84] NGF, TrkA [49, 50, 98] IGF-1, IGF-1R [49, 50, 98] NT-3, TrkC [49, 50] Insulin Receptor [49, 50] Neurofilaments [74, 98] Tubulins [74, 98] Substance P [49, 50] CGRP [49, 50] Cell adhesive molecules [82] DRG neuronal atrophy [49, 50] and loss NCV [16, 29, 31, 49, 50, 74, 82, 88, 95] Axonal atrophy and loss [16, 49, 50, 74, 88, 98] Nerve fiber regeneration [98] Axoglial dysjuction [16, 82, 88] Primary Diabetic Encephalopathy Insulin Receptor [96, 97, 104, 114, 115] IGF-1, IGF-1R [97, 104, 114, 115] Caspase 3 [114, 115] Caspase 12 [114, 115] Tau Unpublished data Apoptosis [113, 115] Cognitive function [114, 115]