Experimental Diabetes Research
Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID 730594, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2008/730594
Research Article

C-Peptide and Its C-Terminal Fragments Improve Erythrocyte Deformability in Type 1 Diabetes Patients

1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany
2McKinsey & Company, Inc., Am Sandtorkai 77, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
3Institute for Clinical Research and Development, 55116 Mainz, Germany
4Department of Internal Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, P.O. Box 3740, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
5Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden

Received 9 October 2007; Accepted 27 February 2008

Academic Editor: Subrata Chakrabarti

Copyright © 2008 Thomas Hach et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. R. Rigler, A. Pramanik, P. Jonasson, et al., “Specific binding of proinsulin C-peptide to human cell membranes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 23, pp. 13318–13323, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  2. E. Lindahl, U. Nyman, E. Melles, et al., “Cellular internalization of proinsulin C-peptide,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 479–486, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  3. Y. Ohtomo, A. Aperia, B. Sahlgren, B.-L. Johansson, and J. Wahren, “C-peptide stimulates rat renal tubular Na+, K+-ATPase activity in synergism with neuropeptide Y,” Diabetologia, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 199–205, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  4. J. Shafqat, L. Juntti-Berggren, Z. Zhong, et al., “Proinsulin C-peptide and its analogues induce intracellular Ca2+ increases in human renal tubular cells,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1185–1189, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  5. T. Kitamura, K. Kimura, B. D. Jung, et al., “Proinsulin C-peptide rapidly stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinases in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts: requirement of protein kinase C, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein,” Biochemical Journal, vol. 355, no. 1, pp. 123–129, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  6. Z. Zhong, A. Davidescu, I. Ehrén, et al., “C-peptide stimulates ERK1/2 and JNK MAP kinases via activation of protein kinase C in human renal tubular cells,” Diabetologia, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 187–197, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  7. M. Tsimaratos, F. Roger, D. Chabardès, et al., “C-peptide stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase activity via PKC alpha in rat medullary thick ascending limb,” Diabetologia, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 124–131, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  8. T. Wallerath, T. Kunt, T. Forst, et al., “Stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by proinsulin C-peptide,” Nitric Oxide, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 95–102, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  9. R. Scalia, K. M. Coyle, B. J. Levine, G. Booth, and A. M. Lefer, “C-peptide inhibits leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the microcirculation during acute endothelial dysfunction,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 2357–2364, 2000.
  10. T. Kitamura, K. Kimura, K. Makondo, et al., “Proinsulin C-peptide increases nitric oxide production by enhancing mitogen-activated protein-kinase-dependent transcription of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in aortic endothelial cells of Wistar rats,” Diabetologia, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1698–1705, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  11. T. Forst, T. Kunt, T. Pohlmann, et al., “Biological activity of C-peptide on the skin microcirculation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 2036–2041, 1998.
  12. B.-L. Johansson, B. Linde, and J. Wahren, “Effects of C-peptide on blood flow, capillary diffusion capacity and glucose utilization in the exercising forearm of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients,” Diabetologia, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1151–1158, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  13. M. A. Cotter, K. Ekberg, J. Wahren, and N. E. Cameron, “Effects of proinsulin C-peptide in experimental diabetic neuropathy: vascular actions and modulation by nitric oxide synthase inhibition,” Diabetes, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1812–1817, 2003.
  14. K. Ekberg, T. Brismar, B.-L. Johansson, et al., “C-peptide replacement therapy and sensory nerve function in type 1 diabetic neuropathy,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 71–76, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  15. B.-L. Johansson, K. Borg, E. Fernqvist-Forbes, A. Kernell, T. Odergren, and J. Wahren, “Beneficial effects of C-peptide on incipient nephropathy and neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 181–189, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  16. A. A. F. Sima, W. Zhang, K. Sugimoto, et al., “C-peptide prevents and improves chronic type I diabetic polyneuropathy in the BB/Wor rat,” Diabetologia, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 889–897, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  17. Y. Ohtomo, T. Bergman, B.-L. Johansson, H. Jörnvall, and J. Wahren, “Differential effects of proinsulin C-peptide fragments on Na+, K+-ATPase activity of renal tubule segments,” Diabetologia, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 287–291, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  18. Y. Sato, Y. Oshida, Y.-Q. Han, et al., “C-peptide fragments stimulate glucose utilization in diabetic rats,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 727–732, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  19. C. D. Brown, H. S. Ghali, Z. Zhao, L. L. Thomas, and E. A. Friedman, “Association of reduced red blood cell deformability and diabetic nephropathy,” Kidney International, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 295–300, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  20. M. Garnier, J. R. Attali, P. Valensi, E. Delatour-Hanss, F. Gaudey, and D. Koutsouris, “Erythrocyte deformability in diabetes and erythrocyte membrane lipid composition,” Metabolism, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 794–798, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  21. H. Schmid-Schoenbein and E. Volger, “Red cell aggregation and red cell deformability in diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 25, supplement 2, pp. 897–902, 1976.
  22. K. Parthasarathi and H. H. Lipowsky, “Capillary recruitment in response to tissue hypoxia and its dependence on red blood cell deformability,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 277, no. 6, pp. H2145–H2157, 1999.
  23. T. Kunt, S. Schneider, A. Pfützner, et al., “The effect of human proinsulin C-peptide on erythrocyte deformability in patients with type I diabetes mellitus,” Diabetologia, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 465–471, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  24. Z. Zhong, O. Kotova, A. Davidescu, et al., “C-peptide stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase via activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinases in human renal tubular cells,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 61, no. 21, pp. 2782–2790, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  25. A. Pramanik, K. Ekberg, Z. Zhong, et al., “C-peptide binding to human cell membranes: importance of Glu27,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 284, no. 1, pp. 94–98, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  26. M. Henriksson, E. Nordling, E. Melles, et al., “Separate functional features of proinsulin C-peptide,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 62, no. 15, pp. 1772–1778, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  27. L. Nordquist, E. Moe, and M. Sjöquist, “The C-peptide fragment EVARQ reduces glomerular hyperfiltration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 400–405, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  28. J. J. Olearczyk, A. H. Stephenson, A. J. Lonigro, and R. S. Sprague, “Heterotrimeric G protein Gi is involved in a signal transduction pathway for ATP release from erythrocytes,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 286, no. 3, pp. H940–H945, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  29. J. A. Meyer, J. M. Froelich, G. E. Reid, W. K. A. Karunarathne, and D. M. Spence, “Metal-activated C-peptide facilitates glucose clearance and the release of a nitric oxide stimulus via the GLUT1 transporter,” Diabetologia, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 175–182, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  30. J. S. Carroll, C.-J. Ku, W. Karunarathne, and D. M. Spence, “Red blood cell stimulation of platelet nitric oxide production indicated by quantitative monitoring of the communication between cells in the bloodstream,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 79, no. 14, pp. 5133–5138, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  31. P. Kleinbongard, R. Schulz, T. Rassaf, et al., “Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase,” Blood, vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 2943–2951, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  32. D. Starzyk, R. Korbut, and R. J. Gryglewski, “Effects of nitric oxide and prostacyclin on deformability and aggregability of red blood cells of rats ex vivo and in vitro,” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 629–637, 1999.
  33. M. Bor-Kucukatay, R. B. Wenby, H. J. Meiselman, and O. K. Baskurt, “Effects of nitric oxide on red blood cell deformability,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 284, no. 5, pp. H1577–H1584, 2003.
  34. B.-L. Johansson, J. Sundell, K. Ekberg, et al., “C-peptide improves adenosine-induced myocardial vasodilation in type 1 diabetes patients,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 286, no. 1, pp. E14–E19, 2004.