Experimental Diabetes Research
Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 178372, 14 pages
doi:10.1155/2010/178372
Review Article
Therapeutics of Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Insulin Analogues and Insulin Pumps
Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Received 2 November 2009; Accepted 1 February 2010
Academic Editor: Ryichi Kikkawa
Copyright © 2010 Vasiliki Valla. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- S. Brunton, “Beyond glycemic control: treating the entire type 2 diabetes disorder,” Postgraduate Medicine, vol. 121, no. 5, pp. 68–81, 2009.
- M. E. Cobble and A. L. Peters, “Clinical practice in type 2 diabetes: after metformin and lifestyle, then what?” The Journal of Family Practice, vol. 58, supplement 11, pp. S7–S14, 2009.
- J. Philippe and D. Raccah, “Treating type 2 diabetes: how safe are current therapeutic agents?” International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 321–332, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group, “Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33),” Lancet, vol. 352, pp. 837–853, 1998.
- E. Selvin, K. Wattanakit, M. W. Steffes, J. Coresh, and A. R. Sharrett, “HbA1c and peripheral arterial disease in diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study,” Diabetes Care, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 877–882, 2006.
- M. Meier and M. Hummel, “Cardiovascular disease and intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: moving practice toward evidence-based strategies,” Vascular Health and Risk Management, vol. 5, pp. 859–871, 2009.
- D. M. Nathan, J. B. Buse, M. B. Davidson, et al., “American diabetes association; european association for study of diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the study of diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 193–203, 2009.
- D. M. Nathan, J. B. Buse, M. B. Davidson, et al., “American diabetes association and the European association for the study of diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy : aconsensus statement from the,” Diabetologia, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 17–30, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, et al., “JBS 2: prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice,” Heart, vol. 91, supplement 5, pp. v1–v52, 2005.
- L. Rydn, E. Standl, M. Bartnik, et al., “Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The task force on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD),” European Heart Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 88–136, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. M. Fox, R. A. Gerber, B. Bolinder, J. Chen, and S. Kumar, “Prevalence of inadequate glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom general practice research database: a series of retrospective analyses of data from 1998 through 2002,” Clinical Therapeutics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 388–395, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- W. C. Knowler, S. E. Fowler, R. F. Hamman, et al., “10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study,” The Lancet, vol. 374, no. 9702, pp. 1677–1686, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. D. Giles, “Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a review of the evidence,” Journal of Clinical Hypertension, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 512–519, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. E. Cobble, “Initiating and intensifying insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes: why, when, and how,” American Journal of Therapeutics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 56–64, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- W. C. Hsu, “Consequences of delaying progression to optimal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes not achieving glycemic goals,” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 67–76, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. Kerr, “Individualism and insulin pump therapy,” Diabetologia, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 362–363, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. S.H. Bell, “Insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus: how can the currently available injectable insulins be most prudently and efficaciously utilised?” Drugs, vol. 67, no. 13, pp. 1813–1827, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- B. Sheldon, D. Russell-Jones, and J. Wright, “Insulin analogues: an example of applied medical science,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 5–19, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. K. Garg, I. B. Hirsch, and J. S. Skyler, “Insulin glargine and cancer-an unsubstantiated allegation,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 473–476, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. Eckardt and J. Eckel, “Insulin analogues: action profiles beyond glycaemic control,” Archives Physiol Biochem, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 45–153, 2008.
- D. Giugliano, A. Ceriello, E. Razzoli, and K. Esposito, “Defining the role of insulin lispro in the management of postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Clinical Drug Investigation, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 199–210, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. M. Chapman, S. Noble, and K. L. Goa, “Spotlight on insulin aspart in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus,” Treatments in Endocrinology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 71–76, 2003.
- R. H. A. Becker, “Insulin glulisine complementing basal insulins: a review of structure and activity,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 109–121, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. P. Garnock-Jones and G. L. Plosker, “Insulin glulisine: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus,” Drugs, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 1035–1057, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- E. G. Hagenmeyer, P. K. Schädlich, A. D. Köster, F.-W. Dippel, and B. Häussler, “Quality of life and treatment satisfaction in patients being treated with long-acting insulin analogues,” Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, vol. 134, no. 12, pp. 565–570, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. A. Elrishi, J. Jarvis, K. Khunti, and M. J. Davies, “Insulin glargine and its role in glycaemic management of Type 2 diabetes,” Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1099–1110, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Morales, “Defining the role of insulin detemir in basal insulin therapy,” Drugs, vol. 67, no. 17, pp. 2557–2584, 2007.
- M. C. Riddle, J. Rosenstock, and J. Gerich, “The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 3080–3086, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. C. Gerstein, J.-F. Yale, S. B. Harris, M. Issa, J. A. Stewart, and E. Dempsey, “A randomized trial of adding insulin glargine vs. avoidance of insulin in people with Type 2 diabetes on either no oral glucose-lowering agents or submaximal doses of metformin and/or sulphonylureas. The Canadian INSIGHT (implementing new strategies with Insulin glargine for hyperglycaemia treatment) Study,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 736–742, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Rosenstock, D. Sugimoto, P. Strange, J. A. Stewart, E. Soltes-Rak, and G. Dailey, “Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine or rosiglitazone added to combination therapy of sulfonylurea plus metformin in insulin-naive patients,” Diabetes Care, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 554–559, 2006.
- K. Horvath, K. Jeitler, A. Berghold, and S. H. Ebrahim, “Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 18, no. 2, Article ID CD005613, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Qayyum, S. Bolen, N. Maruthur, et al., “Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of premixed insulin analogues in type 2 diabetes,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 149, no. 8, pp. 549–559, 2008.
- S. C. L. Gough, “A review of human and analogue insulin trials,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- H. Shamoon, H. Duffy, N. Fleischer, et al., “The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 329, no. 14, pp. 977–986, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. P. Chase, T. Lockspeiser, B. Peery, et al., “The impact of the diabetes control and complications trial and humalog insulin on glycohemoglobin levels and severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 430–434, 2001.
- M. Monami, N. Marchionni, and E. Mannucci, “Long-acting insulin analogues vs. NPH human insulin in type 1 diabetes. A meta-analysis,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 372–378, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. Meneghini, “Demonstrating strategies for initiation of insulin therapy: matching the right insulin to the right patient,” International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 1255–1264, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- F. X. Pi-Sunyer, “The effects of pharmacologic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus on body weight,” Postgraduate Medicine, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 5–17, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. A. Bush, “Intensive diabetes therapy and body weight: focus on insulin detemir,” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 36, supplement 1, pp. 33–44, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Dornhorst, H.-J. Lüddeke, C. Koenen, et al., “Transferring to insulin detemir from NPH insulin or insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes patients on basal-only therapy with oral antidiabetic drugs improves glycaemic control and reduces weight gain and risk of hypoglycaemia: 14-week follow-up data from PREDICTIVE,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 75–81, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- I. Hartman, “Insulin analogs: impact on treatment success, satisfaction, quality of life, and adherence,” Clinical Medicine and Research, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 54–67, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- G. Scheiner, R. J. Sobel, D. E. Smith, et al., “Insulin pump therapy guidelines for successful outcomes,” Diabetes Educator, vol. 35, supplement 2, pp. 29S–41S, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- H. Hanaire, V. Lassmann-Vague, N. Jeandidier, et al., “Treatment of diabetes mellitus using an external insulin pump: the state of the art,” Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 34, no. 4, supplement 1, pp. 401–423, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Sherr and W. V. Tamborlane, “Past, present, and future of insulin pump therapy: better shot at diabetes control,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 352–361, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. G. Potti and S. T. Haines, “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: a primer on insulin pumps,” Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2009.
- R. D. White, “Insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion),” Primary Care, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 845–871, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. D. R. Liberatore and D. Damiani, “Insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Jornal de Pediatria, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 249–254, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- T. Ulahannan, N. N. Myint, and K. F. Lonnen, “Making the case for insulin pump therapy,” Practical Diabetes International, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 252–256, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- N. Jeandidier, J.-P. Rivelineb, N. Tubiana-Rufi, et al., “Treatment of diabetes mellitus using an external insulin pump in clinical practice,” Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 34, no. 4, supplement 1, pp. 425–438, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- N. Siddiqui, S. Rahman, and A. Nessa, “Development of insulin delivery systems,” Mymensingh Medical Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 102–110, 2008.
- H. Shamoon, H. Duffy, N. Fleischer, et al., “Implementation of treatment protocols in the diabetes control and complications trial,” Diabetes Care, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 361–376, 1995.
- J. Pickup, M. Mattock, and S. Kerry, “Glycemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with intensive insulin injections in patients with type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” British Medical Journal, vol. 324, pp. 705–708, 2002.
- J. Weissberg-Benchell, J. Antisdel-Lomaglio, and R. Seshadri, “Insulin pump therapy: a meta-analysis,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1079–1087, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- K. D. Barnard, C. E. Lloyd, and T. C. Skinner, “Systematic literature review: quality of life associated with insulin pump use in type 1 diabetes,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 607–617, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Colquitt, P. Royle, and N. Waugh, “Are analogue insulins better than soluble in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion? Results of a meta-analysis,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 863–866, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Retnakaran, J. Hochman, J. H. DeVries, et al., “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. The impact of baseline ,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 2590–2596, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Retnakaran, J. H. DeVries, H. Hanaire-Broutin, R. J. Heine, V. Melki, and B. Zinman, “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. Modeling predicted benefits in relationship to baseline ,” Diabetes Care, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1835–1836, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. P. L. M. Hoogma, P. J. Hammond, R. Gomis, et al., “Comparison of the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and NPH-based multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) on glycaemic control and quality of life. Results of the 5-nations trial,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 141–147, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. Bolli, F. Capani, P. Home, et al., “Comparison of a multiple daily injection daily with once-daily insulin glargine basal insulin and mealtime lispro, to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a randomised, open, parallel study,” Diabetes, vol. 53, supplement 2, pp. A107–A108, 2004.
- E. A. Doyle, S. A. Weinzimer, A. T. Steffen, J. A. H. Ahern, M. Vincent, and W. V. Tamborlane, “A randomized, prospective trial comparing the efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily injections using insulin glargine,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1554–1558, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- B. Hirsch, B. Bode, S. Garg, et al., “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of insulin aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII,” Diabetes Care, vol. 28, pp. 533–538, 2005.
- M. Fahlén, B. Eliasson, and A. Oden, “Optimization of basal insulin delivery in type 1 diabetes: a retrospective study on the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and insulin glargine,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 382–386, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- I. Aberle, D. Zimprich, B. Bach-Kliegel, et al., “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion leads to immediate, stable and long-term changes in metabolic control,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 329–335, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- W. V. Tamborlane, K. Swan, K. A. Sikes, A. T. Steffen, and S. A. Weinzimer, “The renaissance of insulin pump treatment in childhood type 1 diabetes,” Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 205–213, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. A. Weinzimer, J. H. Ahern, E. A. Doyle, et al., “Persistence of benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in very young children with type 1 diabetes: a follow-up report,” Pediatrics, vol. 114, no. 6, pp. 1601–1605, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- N. Sulli and B. Shashaj, “Long-term benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with type 1 diabetes: a 4-year follow-up,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 900–906, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. I. Jakisch, V. M. Wagner, B. Heidtmann, et al., “Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily injections (MDI) in paediatric type 1 diabetes: a multicentre matched-pair cohort analysis over 3 years,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 80–85, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. A. Weinzimer, C. Ternand, C. Howard, C.-T. Chang, D. J. Becker, and L. M. B. Laffel, “A randomized trial comparing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion of insulin aspart versus insulin lispro in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 210–215, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. C. Pickup and A. J. Sutton, “Severe hypoglycaemia and glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of multiple daily insulin injections compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 765–774, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. J. F. McVean, J. C. Eickhoff, and M. J. MacDonald, “Factors correlating with improved A1C in children using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 2499–2500, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. Hanas and J. Ludvigsson, “Hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis with insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents,” Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 7, supplement 4, pp. 32–38, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. K. McMahon, F. L. Airey, D. A. Marangou, et al., “Insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents: improvements in key parameters of diabetes management including quality of life,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 92–96, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- P. B. Júlíusson, M. Graue, and T. Wentzel-Larsen, “The impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes,” Acta Paediatrica, vol. 95, no. 11, pp. 1481–1487, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. Opipari-arrigan, E. M. Fredericks, N. Burkhart, L. Dale, M. Hodge, and C. Foster, “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion benefits quality of life in preschool-age children with type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 377–383, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. D. Barnard, J. Speight, and T. C. Skinner, “Quality of life and impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for children and their parents,” Practical Diabetes International, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 278–284, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- O. Rackham, F. Paize, and A. M. Weindling, “Cause of death in infants of women with pregestational diabetes mellitus and the relationship with glycemic control,” Postgraduate Medicine, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 26–32, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Hieronimus, C. Cupelli, A. Bongain, M. Durand-Rèville, F. Berthier, and P. Fènichel, “Pregnancy in type 1 diabetes: insulin pump versus intensified conventional therapy,” Gynecologie Obstetrique Fertilite, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 389–394, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. G. Gabbe, E. Holing, P. Temple, and Z. A. Brown, “Benefits, risks, costs, and patient satisfaction associated with insulin pump therapy for the pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 182, no. 6, pp. 1283–1291, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, “American diabetes association publication,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, supplement 1, pp. S103–S105, 2003.
- L. Chitayat, L. Jovanovic, and M. Hod, “New modalities in the treatment of pregnancies complicated by diabetes: drugs and devices,” Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 72–76, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Mukhopadhyay, T. Farrell, R. B. Fraser, and B. Ola, “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 197, no. 5, pp. 447–456, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. Farrar, D. J. Tuffnell, and J. West, “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 18, no. 3, Article ID CD005542, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. St John, W. A. Davis, C. P. Price, and T. M. E. Davis, “The value of self-monitoring of blood glucose: a review of recent evidence,” Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 129–141, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. D. Kohnert, L. Vogt, P. Augstein, et al., “Relationships between glucose variability and conventional measures of glycemic control in continuously monitored patients with type 2 diabetes,” Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 137–141, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- G. Reach and C. Choleau, “Continuous glucose monitoring: physiological and technological challenges,” Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 175–180, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. De Block, B. Manuel-y-Keenoy, P. Rogiers, P. Jorens, and L. Van Gaal, “Glucose control and use of continuous glucose monitoring in the intensive care unit: a critical review,” Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 234–244, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Battelino and J. Bolinder, “Clinical use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring,” Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 218–222, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. L. Ellis, R. G. Naik, K. Gemperline, and S. K. Garg, “Use of continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes,” Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 207–217, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Hovorka, “Continuous glucose monitoring and closed-loop systems,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- H. Hanaire, “Continuous glucose monitoring and external insulin pump: towards a subcutaneous closed loop,” Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 534–538, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- I. B. Hirsch, D. Armstrong, R. M. Bergenstal, et al., “Clinical application of emerging sensor technologies in diabetes management: consensus guidelines for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM),” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 232–246, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- G. Sparacino, A. Facchinetti, A. Maran, and C. Cobelli, “Continuous glucose monitoring time series and hypo/hyperglycemia prevention: requirements, methods, open problems,” Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 181–192, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Danne, K. Lange, and O. Kordonouri, “Real-time glucose sensors in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes,” Hormone Research, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 193–202, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- P. Grant, “A new approach to diabetic control: fuzzy logic and insulin pump technology,” Medical Engineering and Physics, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 824–827, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- G. M. Steil, K. Rebrin, C. Darwin, F. Hariri, and M. F. Saad, “Feasibility of automating insulin delivery for the treatment of type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 3344–3350, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. A. Weinzimer, G. M. Steil, K. L. Swan, J. Dziura, N. Kurtz, and W. V. Tamborlane, “Fully automated closed-loop insulin delivery versus semiautomated hybrid control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes using an artificial pancreas,” Diabetes Care, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 934–939, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. W. Bequette, “A critical assessment of algorithms and challenges in the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28–47, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. I. Silva, A. Norton De Matos, I. G. Brons, and M. Mateus, “An overview on the development of a bio-artificial pancreas as a treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” Medicinal Research Reviews, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 181–222, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. Thorens, “Development and preclinical assessment of a bioartificial pancreas,” Swiss Medical Weekly, vol. 137, supplement 155, pp. 68S–71S, 2007.
- E. Renard, G. Costalat, H. Chevassus, and J. Bringer, “Artificial -cell: clinical experience toward an implantable closed-loop insulin delivery system,” Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 497–502, 2006.
- N. Erdin, F. Robin, L. Heinemann, D. Brandt, and R. Hovorka, “Further development of artificial pancreas: blocked by patents?” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 971–976, 2008.
- N. Kobayashi, “Bioartificial pancreas for the treatment of diabetes,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 11–17, 2008.