Fetoplacental Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction as an Early Phenomenon in the Programming of Human Adult Diseases in Subjects Born from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Obesity in Pregnancy

Table 1

Effect of GDM, obesity, and hypercholesterolaemia on ALANO signalling pathway.

Element	Pregnancy			Nonpregnancy
	GDM			Obesity			Hypercholesterolemia
	Cell type	Effect	References	Cell type	Effect	References	Cell type	Effect	References
hENT1 expression	HUVEC	Reduced	[7, 39, 51]
	hPMEC	Reduced	[16, 44]
hENT1 activity	HUVEC	Reduced	[7, 39, 51]
	hPMEC	Reduced	[16, 44]
hENT2 expression	HUVEC	Unaltered	[16]
	hPMEC	Reduced	[16, 44]
hENT2 activity	HUVEC	Unaltered	[16]
	hPMEC	Reduced	[16, 44]
Extracellular adenosine	HUVEC	Increased	[7, 48]
hCATs, expression	HUVEC	Increased	[39]	hP	Reduced	[213]	EAhy926	Increased	[128]
							rAR	Increased	[127]
hCATs, activity	HUVEC	Increased	[39]	hP	Reduced	[213]	EAhy926	Increased	[128]
							rAR	Reduced	[127]
							bAEC	Reduced	[214]
							pAEC	Reduced	[215]
							HUVEC	Unaltered	[216]
							HUVEC	Unaltered	[217]
eNOS expression	HUVEC	Increased	[39, 51]	hVEC	Unaltered	[173]	hSVEC	Reduced	[129]
	hPT	Increased	[218]	mVEC	Increased	[219]	rbAS	Reduced	[131]
				hAd	Increased	[220]	HUVEC	Reduced	[130]
				hHep	Unaltered	[221]
eNOS activity	HUVEC	Increased	[7, 39, 51]	hVEC	Reduced	[173]	hSVEC	Reduced	[129]
	hVT	Unaltered	[222]	mVEC	Reduced	[219]	rbAR	Reduced	[131]
				mHep	Reduced	[223]	HUVEC	Reduced	[130]
				hP	Unaltered	[213]	pAEC	Reduced	[215]
NO level	HUVEC	Increased	[11]	*	Increased	[221]	hSVEC	Reduced	[129]
Arginase 1				mHep	Increased	[223]
Arginase 2							hAEC	Increased	[136–138]
							mAEC	Increased	[137, 138]

hENT1: human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1; hENT2: human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2; hCATs: human cationic amino acid transporters; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO: nitric oxide; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cell; hPMEC: human placental microvascular endothelial cell; hPT: human placental tissue; hVT: human villous tissue; hP: human platelets; hVEC: human vascular endothelial cell; mVEC: mouse vascular endothelial cell; hAd: human adipocyte; hHep: human hepatocyte; mHep: mouse hepatocyte; EAhy 926: human endothelial cell line EAhy 926; rAR: rat aortic ring; bAEC: bovine aortic endothelial cell; pAEC: porcine aortic endothelial cell; hSVEC: human saphenous vein endothelial cell; rbAS: rabbit aortic segment; rbAR: rabbit aortic ring; hAEC: human aortic endothelial cell; mAEC: mouse aortic endothelial cell; *measurement performed in human serum.