Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Offspring: A Systematic Review
Figure 2
(a) Association of GDM and childhood overweight or obesity, unadjusted odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval. aAt the time this analysis was conducted, Kaiser Permanente used the NDDG criteria to diagnose and treat GDM. However, in the analysis, they calculated GDM using both criteria. Therefore, those meeting the NDDG criteria in this analysis were likely treated with diet or diet/insulin, but those meeting only the Carter and Coustan criteria were likely to not be treated. bUndefined because odds ratio could not be calculated with a zero cell. (b) Association of GDM and childhood overweight or obesity compared to a nondiabetic control group among studies that adjusted for any confounders, adjusted odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. aAdjusted for maternal BMI and child’s age, gender, Tanner stage, TV watching, physical activity, energy intake, birth weight, breastfeeding duration, birth order, and mom’s household income, mother’s smoking, dietary restraint, weight cycling, weight concerns, and mother’s current BMI. bAdjusted for maternal age, parity, weight gain during pregnancy, ethnicity, macrosomia at birth, and sex of child. cAdjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI and sex, age at outcome, height, height squared, maternal age, social class, parity, smoking during pregnancy, mode of delivery, and maternal prepregnancy BMI. dAt the time this analysis was conducted, Kaiser Permanente used the NDDG criteria to diagnose and treat GDM. However, in the analysis, they calculated GDM using both criteria. Therefore, those meeting the NDDG criteria in this analysis were likely treated with diet or diet/insulin, but those meeting only the Carter and Coustan criteria were likely to not be treated.
