A Review of the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Secondary School Students' Academic Achievement

Figure 3

Original four variables underlying the PI construct in the Keith et al. [11] study. Note: adapted from “Does parental involvement affect eighth-grade student achievement? Structural analysis of national data,” by T. Z. Keith, P. B. Keith, G. C. Troutman, P. G. Bickley, P. S. Trivette, and K. Singh, 1993, School Psychology Review, 22(3), pp. 483, 486.