How Finnish Muslim Students Perceive and Deal with Religious and Cultural Difference: Negotiating Religious Tradition with Modern Liberal and Postmodern Ideals

Table 1

Ways of perceiving and dealing with difference related to the negotiation of liberal ideals.

Difference is not an issue	Difference is a problem-causing matter	A conformist way of dealing with difference	Dealing with difference by concentrating on oneself
(i) Difference is an insignificant fact; (ii) Difference is a positive fact	(i) Difference causes difficulties in understanding others; (ii) Difference causes difficulties in interacting with others; (iii) Difference is a complex issue	(i) Trying to avoid confrontation; (ii) Adaptation; (iii) Dealing with difference by concentrating on commonality, equality, and togetherness	(i) Adhering to one’s own religion; (ii) Representing one’s own religion