Research Article
School Accountability and Youth Obesity: Can Physical Education Mandates Make a Difference?
Table 5
Empirical results: effect of accountability pressures on overweight levels, high school.
| | | At risk | Overweight | | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| | Quality Counts index | 0.00726 (0.0122) | — | 0.0301** (0.0149) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index | — | 0.00737 (0.00805) | — | 0.0161* (0.0982) | | PE mandate | −0.00493 (0.0183) | 0.00303 (0.0159) | −0.0149 (0.0231) | 0.0109 (0.0201) | | Accountability index * (PE mandate) | 0.00401 (0.0102) | — | 0.00390 (0.0127) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index * (PE mandate) | — | −0.000379 (0.00494) | — | −0.00221 (0.00615) | | Gender (female is excluded): | | | | | | Male | 0.306*** (0.0188) | 0.306*** (0.0188) | 0.394*** (0.0235) | 0.394*** (0.0235) | | Child’s age | −0.0681*** (0.00840) | −0.0680*** (0.00840) | −0.0392*** (0.0103) | −0.0392*** (0.0103) | | Child born in US | 0.154*** (0.0431) | 0.154*** (0.0431) | 0.0949* (0.0527) | 0.0941* (0.0527) | | Race (white is excluded): | | | | | | Black | 0.287*** (0.0322) | 0.286*** (0.0323) | 0.234*** (0.0378) | 0.232*** (0.0378) | | Hispanic | 0.0858** (0.0346) | 0.0854** (0.0347) | 0.0109 (0.0426) | 0.0113 (0.0426) | | Multiracial | 0.0641 (0.0512) | 0.0638 (0.0512) | 0.133** (0.0604) | 0.135** (0.0604) | | Other | 0.114** (0.0485) | 0.114** (0.0485) | 0.0763 (0.0596) | 0.0789 (0.0596) | | Maternal education (less than high school is excluded): | | | | | | High school | 0.110** (0.0503) | 0.110** (0.0503) | 0.138 (0.0576) | 0.137 (0.0576) | | More than high school | −0.0487 (0.0495) | −0.0489 (0.0495) | −0.180*** (0.0569) | −0.180*** (0.0569) | | Household income (income above 400% poverty line is excluded): | | | | | | Household income falls below poverty line | 0.218*** (0.0431) | 0.218*** (0.0431) | 0.219*** (0.0510) | 0.218*** (0.0510) | | Household income is between 100% and 133% of poverty line | 0.161*** (0.0480) | 0.161*** (0.0480) | 0.0943 (0.0583) | 0.0924 (0.0583) | | Household income is between 133% and 150% of poverty line | 0.125** (0.0603) | 0.125** (0.0603) | 0.0637 (0.0734) | 0.0637 (0.0734) | | Household income is between 150% and 185% of poverty line | 0.196*** (0.0435) | 0.196*** (0.0435) | 0.175*** (0.0523) | 0.174*** (0.0523) | | Household income is between 185% and 200% of poverty line | 0.140*** (0.0537) | 0.141*** (0.0537) | 0.174*** (0.0638) | 0.174*** (0.0638) | | Household income is between 200% and 300% of poverty line | 0.116*** (0.0275) | 0.116*** (0.0275) | 0.157*** (0.0336) | 0.157*** (0.0336) | | Household income is between 300% and 400% of poverty line | 0.0887*** (0.0279) | 0.0889*** (0.0279) | 0.0686** (0.0351) | 0.0688** (0.0351) | | MSA | −0.0592*** (0.0203) | −0.0597*** (0.0203) | −0.0666*** (0.0248) | −0.0676*** (0.0248) | | Region (South is excluded): | | | | | | West | −0.146*** (0.0299) | −0.149*** (0.0283) | −0.148*** (0.0369) | −0.169*** (0.0360) | | Northeast | −0.0121 (0.0339) | −0.0151 (0.0332) | −0.0362 (0.0415) | −0.0478 (0.0408) | | Midwest | −0.0715** (0.0279) | −0.0722*** (0.0269) | −0.0318 (0.0338) | −0.0435 (0.0325) | | Father exercises regularly | −0.0603*** (0.0196) | −0.0603*** (0.0198) | −0.0826** (0.0241) | −0.0828** (0.0240) | | Mother exercises regularly | 0.0336 (0.0556) | 0.0336 (0.0556) | −0.0269 (0.0675) | −0.0266 (0.0675) | | Lunch program participation | 0.0982*** (0.0328) | 0.0988*** (0.0328) | 0.117*** (0.0387) | 0.118*** (0.0387) | | Per capita income | −0.00499** (0.00235) | −0.00490** (0.00236) | −0.00516* (0.00289) | −0.00536* (0.00289) | | Number of observations | 22415 | 22415 | 22415 | 22415 | | Chi-squared | 855 | 855 | 710 | 708 |
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Notes: standard errors are in parentheses; indicates significance at level, indicates significance at level, and indicates significance at level.
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