Review Article

Pharmacological Management of Esophageal Food Bolus Impaction

Box 2

Esophageal Motility Disorders (EMD).
Primary EMD
 (i) Achalasia
 (ii) Diffuse esophageal spasm
 (iii) Gastroesophageal reflux
Secondary EMD
 (i) Pseudoachalasia
 (ii) Chagas' disease
 (iii) Scleroderma esophagus
 (iv) Parkinson's disease
 (v) Infiltrative disorders
Manometric Variants, Not EMD
 (i) Nutcracker esophagus
 (ii) Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter
 (iii) Ineffective esophageal motility