Characteristic All Patients Interpreter Request No Interpreter Request P-Value (ES1) Language-Related Patient Characteristics, N=152,945 Race White 53,706 (35.1%) 8,728 (47%) 44,978 (33.5%) <0.001 (1.581) African American 80,478 (52.6%) 1,107 (6%) 79,371 (59.1%) Asian 4,734 (3.1%) 803 (4.3%) 3,931 (2.9%) American Indian or Alaskan Native 637 (0.4%) 192 (1%) 445 (0.3%) Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 451 (0.3%) 187 (1%) 264 (0.2%) Other 16 (0.01%) 6 (0.03%) 10 (0.01%) Declined/Unknown 12,923 (8.5%) 7,549 (40.7%) 5,374 (4%) Ethnicity Not Hispanic or Latino 124,816 (81.6%) 2,930 (15.8%) 121,886 (90.7%) <0.001 (2.286) Hispanic or Latino 27,575 (18%) 15,582 (83.9%) 11,993 (8.9%) Decline/Unknown 554 (0.4%) 60 (0.3%) 494 (0.4%) Preferred Language English 133,677 (87.4%) 2,520 (13.6%) 131,157 (97.6%) <0.001 (3.171) Spanish 17,341 (11.3%) 14,763 (79.5%) 2,578 (1.9%) Other2 1,927 (1.3%) 1,289 (6.9%) 638 (0.5%) Non-Language-Related Patient Characteristics, N=152,945 Sex – Male 80,682 (52.7%) 9,905 (53.3%) 70,777 (52.7%) 0.091 (0.013) Age at Baseline Mean ± SD 6.5 ± 5.2 6.4 ± 4.9 6.5 ± 5.2 <0.001 (0.025) Median (IQR), (Min, Max) 5.4 (1.9 - 10.4), (0, 18) 5.6 (2 - 10.1), (0, 18) 5.4 (1.9 - 10.5), (0, 18) Insurance Status Public 98,249 (64.2%) 16.011 (86.2%) 82,238 (61.2%) <0.001 (0.772) Private 42,754 (27.9%) 718 (3.9%) 42,036 (31.3%) Self-Pay/None 11,942 (7.8%) 1.843 (9.9%) 10,099 (7.5%) Encounter Characteristics, N=232,787 Means of Arrival Air 523 (0.2%) 34 (0.1%) 489 (0.2%) <0.001 (0.173) Ambulance 24,552 (10.6%) 1,796 (6.4%) 22,756 (11.1%) Self/Caregiver 207,224 (89%) 26,388 (93.3%) 180,836 (88.4%) Other 454 (0.2%) 59 (0.2%) 395 (0.2%) Unknown 34 (0.01%) 2 (0.01%) 32 (0.02%) Maximum Acuity High (1-2) 42,201 (18.1%) 3,818 (13.5%) 38,383 (18.8%) <0.001 (0.232) Moderate (3) 79,301 (34.1%) 8,141 (28.8%) 71,160 (34.8%) Low (4-5) 111,109 (47.8%) 16,298 (57.7%) 94,811 (46.4%) Outcomes Change in Acuity – Yes3 693 (0.3%) 87 (0.3%) 606 (0.3%) 0.743 (0.002) ED LOS (hours) Mean ± SD 2.8 ± 2.3 2.6 ± 1.8 2.9 ± 2.3 <0.001 (0.044) Median (IQR), (Min, Max) 2.4 (1.6 - 3.6), (0.1, 182) 2.2 (1.5 - 3.3), (0.1, 61) 2.4 (1.6 - 3.6), (0.1, 182) ED Readmission within 7 Days – Yes 16,340 (7%) 1,999 (7.1%) 14,341 (7%) 0.728 (0.002) Hospital Disposition Pediatric ICU 2,212 (0.9%) 221 (0.8%) 1,991 (1%) Floor Admission 25,809 (11.1%) 2,573 (9.1%) 23,236 (11.4%) <0.001 (0.107) Transfer facility 2,680 (1.2%) 161 (0.6%) 2,519 (1.2%) Discharge 202,086 (86.8%) 25,324 (89.6%) 176,762 (86.4%)
ES (standardized mean difference): <0.2, small, <0.5, moderate, <0.8, large.
2 Top 5 other specified languages: Burmese (N=206, 0.13%), Amharic (N=152, 0.1%), Vietnamese (N=134, 0.09%), Portuguese (N=127, 0.08%), and Arabic (N=122, 0.08%).
3 Measured by change from initial to max acuity during patient encounter.
