Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Mortality of Patients Presenting with Moderate and Severe Hyponatremia in Emergency Departments

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the 257 patients grouped according to the severity of hyponatremia (univariate associations).

	Group 1: Na = 121–130 mmol/L n = 185 (65.1%)	Group 2: Na ≤ 120 mmol/L n = 99 (34.9%)	Total	Chi-square
Demographics:
Age
>65	98 (53.0%)	72 (72.7%)	170 (59.9%)	0.001
<65	87 (47.0%)	27 (27.3%)	114 (40.1%)
Mean age (year) ± SD	69.9 ± 14.16	65.65 ± 15	67.13 ± 14.8
Gender
Male	80 (43.2%)	35 (35.4%)	115 (40.5%)	0.12
Female	105 (56.8%)	64 (64.9%)	169 (59.5%)
Blood pressure: (Mean)
Systolic blood pressure	133 ± 29.8	134.04 ± 31.4	133.7 ± 30.83	0.77
Diastolic blood pressure	72 ± 18.44	74 ± 17.75	73 ± 19	0.87
Heart rate	78.5 ± 18.32	83.7 ± 16.85	81.9 ± 17.52	0.27
Biochemical values: (Mean)
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.43 ± 0.96	4.7 ± 3.0	4.62 ± 2.52	0.4
Serum albumin (g/L)	31.6 ± 13.8	28.5 ± 15.9	29.6 ± 15.2	0.2
Serum hemoglobin level (g/L)	118.2 ± 30.0	118.9 ± 36.0	118.6 ± 34.0	0.9
Serum creatinine (mmol/L)	128.0 ± 141.0	123.1 ± 164.7	128.0 ± 141.0	0.5
Serum glucose (mmol/L)	10.4 ± 6.0	10.0 ± 5.6	10.2 ± 5.7	0.9
Comorbidities:
Diabetes	114 (61.6%)	69 (69.7%)	183 (64%)	0.18
Hypertension	140 (75.7%)	82 (82.8%)	222 (77.9%)	0.16
Cardiac disease	65 (35.1%)	44 (44.4%)	109 (38.2%)	0.12
Neurological disease	26 (14.1%)	12 (12.1%)	38 (13.3%)	0.65
Chronic pulmonary disease	25 (13.5%)	13 (13.1%)	38 (13.3%)	0.93
Chronic liver disease	8 (4.3%)	10 (10.1%)	18 (6.3%)	0.06
Malignancy	21 (11.4%)	9 (9.1%)	30 (10.5%)	0.56
Chronic kidney disease	37 (20.0%)	22 (22.2%)	59 (20.7%)	0.66
Seizure disorder	9 (4.9%)	2 (2%)	11 (3.9%)	0.24
Medications:
ACEi/ARBs	56 (30.3%)	43 (43.4%)	99 (34%)	0.03
Beta blockers	74 (40%)	56 (56.6%)	130 (45.6%)	0.008
Thiazide diuretics	36 (19.5%)	15 (15.2%)	51 (17.9%)	0.34
Loop diuretics	82 (44.3%)	52 (52.5%)	134 (47.0%)	0.25
Spironolactone	13 (7%)	17 (56.7%)	30 (10.5%)	0.01
Tricyclic antidepressants	7 (3.8%)	0 (0%)	7 (2.5%)	0.05
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	7 (3.8%)	2 (2.1%)	9 (3.2%)	0.40
Carbamazepine	17 (9.2%)	9 (9.1%)	26 (9.1%)	0.98
Gabapentin	12 (6.5%)	16 (16.2%)	28 (9.8%)	0.009
Proton pump inhibitors	93 (50.3%)	66 (66.7%)	159 (55.8%)	0.008
NSAIDs	9 (4.9%)	5 (5.1%)	14 (4.9%)	0.95