Prenatal Maternal Stress and Physical Abuse among Homeless Women and Infant Health Outcomes in the United States
Table 5
Birth weight (grams) according to homeless status and other selected demographic variables among women completing the PRAMS survey in 31 participating cities/states, 2000–2007.
Weight (Grams)
P value†
Estimate*
SE*
Homeless
Yes
0.00
No
17.37
1.01
<.001
Demographics
Maternal Age, years
<19
0.00
19–25
32.04
0.91
<.001
26–29
60.77
0.97
<.001
≥30
64.51
0.94
<.001
Race
Caucasian
0.00
African American
−201.11
0.43
<.001
Other
−74.01
0.82
<.001
Ethnicity
non-hispanic
0.00
Hispanic
−4.71
0.49
<.001
Missing
−12.95
0.47
<.001
Region
East
0.00
Midwest
−1.86
0.52
<.001
South
−31.13
0.07
<.001
West
−20.23
0.09
<.001
Maternal education, years
<12
0.00
12
38.05
0.61
<.001
>12
72.47
0.62
<.001
Missing
−2.97
1.35
.028
Marital status
Yes
0.00
No
−68.82
6.31
<.001
Missing
−19.46
0.47
.002
PRAMS: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.
*Estimates were weighted to represent all homeless women who gave birth, and each variable estimate was adjusted for the other variables in the table. †Based on the F statistic.
