Factors Influencing Risk of Premature Mortality in Community Cases of Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review

Table 2

Studies reporting risk of all-cause excess mortality in community cases of depressive disorder.

Source	Disorder	Country	Study period	Sample	Survey	Follow-up (years)	Gender	Estimate type	Effect Size	95% CI	Factors adjusted for
Murphy et al. [64]	MDD	USA	1952–1952	Gen pop 18+ yrs	Structured iv	17	M, F	Unadj RR	1.84, 2.13	0.9–3.73,; 1.01–4.51
Davidson et al. [59]	Unspecified depression	UK	1982–1986	Gen pop 65+ yrs	GSM–CATEGO	3	M&F	Unadj RR	1.74	1.03–2.94
Jorm et al. [54]	MDD	Australia	1982–1983	Gen pop 70+ yrs	GMS + MMSE	5	M&F	Unadj RR	1.5	1.06–2.11
Aromaa et al. [68]	Unspecified depression	Finland	1978–1981	Gen pop 40–64	PSE–CATEGO	6.6	M&F	Unadj RR	2	1.35–2.96
Bruce et al. [65]	MDD Dysthymia	USA	1980–1980	Gen pop 40+ yrs	DIS (DSM3)	9	M, F	Unadj RR	1.16, 0.97	0.86–1.57,; 0.74–1.29
Kouzis et al. [62]	MDD	USA	1980–1980	Gen pop 18+ yrs	DIS	1	M&F	OR	2.6	1.1–6.0	Age, sex, marital status, household income
Snowdon and Lane [53]	Unspecified depression	Australia	1985–1987	Gen pop 65+ yrs	Clinical iv (DSM3R)	2	M&F	Unadj RR	2.23	0.8–6.2
Engedal [60]	Unspecified depression	Norway	1984–1987	Gen pop 75+ yrs	Clinical iv (DSM3R)	3	M&F	OR	1.9	1.0–3.6	Age
Henderson et al. [55]	Unspecified depression	Australia	1990–1994	Gen pop 70+ yrs	CIE	3.6	M&F	Unadj RR	1.26	0.69–2.32
Pulska et al. [58]	Unspecified depression	Finland	1984–1985	Gen pop 65+ yrs	Clinical iv (DSM3)	5.9	M, F	RR	1.21	0.94–2.06,; 0.85–1.69	Age, sex, marital status, low education, smoking
Zheng et al. [63]	MDD	USA	1989–1989	Gen pop (white) 25+	Self-reported (71% males and 79% females report diagnosis by physician)	2.5	M, F	HRR	3.1, 1.7	2.0–4.9,; 0.9–3.1	Age, education, marital status & BMI
Pulska et al. [66, 67]	MDD	Finland	1984-1985	Gen pop 65+ yrs	Clinical iv (DSM3)	5.9	M, F	RR	1.88, 2.06	1.11–3.19,; 1.25–3.39	Unadj RR
Pulska et al. [66, 67]	Dysthymia	Finland	1989-1990	Gen pop 65+ yrs	Clinical iv (DSM3)	6	M, F	RR	1.52, 1.77	1.04–2.21,; 1.30–2.40	Unadj RR
Penninx et al. [61]	MDD	Netherlands	1992–1997	Gen pop 55–85	DIS	4.2	M&F	RR	2.32	1.38–3.89	Age, sex
Vinkers et al. [69]	MDD	Netherlands	1997–1999	Gen pop 85+ yrs	GDS–15 (≥4) MMSE (>18)	3.2	M&F	RR	2.07	1.35–3.17	Sex, smoking, alcohol, and other chronic diseases
Adamson et al. [50]	MDD	England	1996–1998	Gen pop 75+	GDS–15	3	M&F	HR	1.79	1.5–2.13	Age
Bergdahl et al. [56]	MDD	Sweden	2000–2002	Gen pop 85+	Clinical iv (DSM4)	1	M&F	Unadj RR	2.15	1.16–3.97
Gallo et al. [51]	MDD	USA	2001–2001	Primary Care 60+ yrs	SCAN	2	M&F	OR	1.78	1.06–2.99	Age, sex, marital status, education, and smoking
Mogga et al. [52]	MDD	Ethiopia	1998–2001	Gen pop 15–49	CIDI	3	M&F	SMR	3.55	1.97–6.39	Age, sex
Mykletun et al. [49]	Unspecified depression	Norway	1995–1997	Gen pop 19+ yrs	HADS	4.4	M&F	OR	1.68	1.46–1.92	Age, sex
Schoevers et al. [57]	Unspecified depression	Netherlands	1990–2000	Gen pop 65–84	GMS–AGECAT	10	M&F	Unadj RR	1.18	1.08–1.28

MDD: major depressive disorder;
RR: Relative risk; Unadj RR: Unadjusted relative risk; OR: Odds ratio; SMR: Standardised mortality ratio; HRR: Hazard Risk Ratio;
M&F: person; M: Males; F: Females.