The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study two modified hybrid proximal-point algorithms for finding a common element of the solution set EP of a generalized equilibrium problem and the set for two maximal monotone operators and defined on a Banach space . Strong and weak convergence theorems for these two modified hybrid proximal-point algorithms are established.
1. Introduction
Let be a real Banach space with its dual . The mapping defined by
is called the normalized duality mapping. From the Hahn-Banach theorem, it follows that for each .
A Banach space is said to be strictly convex, if for all with . is said to be uniformly convex if for each , there exists such that for all with . Recall that each uniformly convex Banach space has the Kadec-Klee property, that is,
It is well known that if is strictly convex, then is single-valued. In the sequel, we shall still denote the single-valued normalized duality mapping by . Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of , a bifunction, and a nonlinear mapping. Very recently, Zhang [1] considered and studied the generalized equilibrium problem of finding such that
The set of solutions of (1.3) is denoted by . Problem (1.3) and related problems have been studied and investigated extensively in the literature; See, for example, [2–12] and references therein. Whenever , problem (1.3) reduces to the equilibrium problem of finding such that
The set of solutions of (1.4) is denoted by . Whenever , problem (1.3) reduces to the variational inequality problem of finding such that
The set of solutions of (1.5) is denoted by .
Whenever a Hilbert space, problem (1.3) was very recently introduced and considered by S. Takahashi and W. Takahashi [13]. Problem (1.3) is very general in the sense that it includes, as spacial cases, optimization problems, variational inequalities, minimax problems, Nash equilibrium problem in noncooperative games, and others; See, for example, [1, 2, 4, 6–9, 14–17] which are references therein.
A mapping is called nonexpansive if for all . Denote by the set of fixed points of , that is, . Very recently, W. Takahashi and K. Zembayashi [18] proposed an iterative algorithm for finding a common element of the solution set of the equilibrium problem (1.4) and the set of fixed points of a relatively nonexpansive mapping in a Banach space . They also studied the strong and weak convergence of the sequences generated by their algorithm. In particular, they proposed the following iterative algorithm:
where for all , and for some . They proved that the sequence generated by the above algorithm converges strongly to , where is the generalized projection of onto . They have also studied the weak convergence of the sequence generated by the following algorithm:
to , where .
Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth and uniformly convex Banach space . Let be an -inverse-strongly monotone mapping and a bifunction satisfying the following conditions:
(A1) for all ;(A2) is monotone, that is, , for all ;(A3) for all , ;(A4) for all , is convex and lower semicontinuous.Let be two relatively nonexpansive mappings such that . Let be the sequence generated by
Zhang [1] proved the strong convergence of the sequence to under appropriate conditions.
On the other hand, a classic method of solving in a Hilbert space is the proximal point algorithm which generates, for any starting point , a sequence in by the iterative scheme
where is a sequence in , for each is the resolvent operator for , and is the identity operator on . This algorithm was first introduced by Martinet [19] and further studied by Rockafellar [20] in the framework of a Hilbert space . Later several authors studied (1.9) and its variants in the setting of a Hilbert space or in a Banach space ; See, for example, [15, 21–25] and references therein. Very recently, Li and Song [24] introduced and studied the following iterative scheme:
where and is the duality mapping on .
Algorithm (1.10) covers, as special cases, the algorithms introduced by Kohsaka and Takahashi [23] and Kamimura et al. [22] in a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space .
Let be a uniformly smooth and uniformly convex Banach space, and let be a nonempty closed convex subset of . Let be a maximal monotone operator such that:
(A5).In addition, for each , define a mapping as follows:
for all .
Very recently, utilizing the ideas of the above algorithms in [15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24], we [17] introduced two iterative methods for finding an element of and established the following strong and weak convergence theorems.
Theorem 1.1 (see [17]). Suppose that conditions (A1)–(A5) are satisfied and let be chosen arbitrarily. Consider the sequence
where
is defined by (1.11), satisfy , , and satisfies . Then, the sequence converges strongly to , where is the generalized projection of onto .
Theorem 1.2 (see [17]). Suppose that conditions (A1)–(A5) are satisfied and let be chosen arbitrarily. Consider the sequence
where is defined by (1.11), satisfy the conditions and , and satisfies . If is weakly sequentially continuous, then converges weakly to an element , where .
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study two new iterative methods for finding a common element of the solution set of generalized equilibrium problem (1.3) and the set for maximal monotone operators and in a uniformly smooth and uniformly convex Banach space . Firstly, motivated by Theorem 1.1 and a result of Zhang [1], we introduce a sequence that converges strongly to under some appropriate conditions.
Secondly, inspired by Theorem 1.2 and a result of Zhang [1], we define a sequence that converges weakly to an element , where (Section 4).
Our results represent a generalization of known results in the literature, including those in [16–18, 24]. Our Theorems 3.1 and 4.2 are the extension and improvements of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 in the following way:
(i)the problem of finding an element of includes the one of finding an element of as a special case;(ii)the algorithms in this paper are very different from those in [17] because of considering the complexity involving the problem of finding an element of .2. Preliminaries
Throughout the paper, we denote the strong convergence, weak convergence, and weak convergence of a sequence to a point by , and , respectively.
Assumption 2.1. Let be a uniformly smooth and uniformly convex Banach space and let be a nonempty closed convex subset of . Let be an -inverse-strongly monotone mapping and let be a bifunction satisfying the conditions (A1)–(A4). Let be two maximal monotone operators such that:(A5).
Recall that if is a nonempty closed convex subset of a Hilbert space , then the metric projection of onto is nonexpansive. This fact actually characterizes Hilbert spaces and hence, it is not available in more general Banach spaces. In this connection, Alber [26] recently introduced a generalized projection operator in a Banach space which is an analogue of the metric projection in Hilbert spaces.
Consider the functional defined as in [26] by
It is clear that in a Hilbert space , (2.1) reduces to .
The generalized projection is a mapping that assigns to an arbitrary point the minimum point of the functional , that is, , where is the solution to the minimization problem
The existence and uniqueness of the operator follow from the properties of the functional and strict monotonicity of the mapping ; See, for example, [27]. In a Hilbert space, . From [26], in a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space , we have
Moreover, by the property of subdifferential of convex functions, we easily get the following inequality:
Let be a mapping from into itself. A point in is called an asymptotic fixed point of [28] if contains a sequence which converges weakly to such that . The set of asymptotic fixed points of is denoted by . A mapping from into itself is called relatively nonexpansive [18, 29, 30] if and , for all and .
Observe that, if is a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space, then for any if and only if . To this end, it is sufficient to show that if , then . Actually, from (2.3), we have , which implies that . From the definition of , we have and therefore, . For further details, we refer to [31].
We need the following lemmas for the proof of our main results.
Lemma 2.2 (see [32]). Let be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space and let and be two sequences of . If and either or is bounded, then .
Lemma 2.3 (see [26, 32]). Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space , and . Then
Lemma 2.4 (see [26, 32]). Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space . Then
Lemma 2.5 (see [33]). Let be a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space and let be a multivalued operator. Then (i) is closed and convex if is maximal monotone such that ;(ii) is maximal monotone if and only if is monotone with for all .
Lemma 2.6 (see [34]). Let be a uniformly convex Banach space and let . Then there exists a strictly increasing, continuous and convex function such that and
for all and , where .
Lemma 2.7 (see [32]). Let be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space and let . Then there exists a strictly increasing, continuous, and convex function such that and
The following result is due to Blum and Oettli [14].
Lemma 2.8 (see [14]). Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space , a bifunction satisfying conditions (A1)–(A4), and and . Then, there exists such that
Motivated by a result in [35] in a Hilbert space setting, Takahashi and Zembayashi [18] established the following lemma.
Lemma 2.9 (see [18]). Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space , and a bifunction satisfying conditions (A1)–(A4). For and , define a mapping as follows:
for all . Then (i) is single-valued;(ii) is a firmly nonexpansive-type mapping, that is, for all ,
(iii);(iv) is closed and convex.
Using Lemma 2.9, we have the following result.
Lemma 2.10 (see [18]). Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space , a bifunction satisfying conditions (A1)–(A4), and . Then, for and ,
Utilizing Lemmas 2.8, 2.9, and 2.10, Zhang [1] derived the following result.
Proposition 2.11 (see [1]). Let be a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space and let be a nonempty closed convex subset of . Let be an -inverse-strongly monotone mapping, a bifunction satisfying conditions (A1)–(A4), and . Then (I) for , there exists such that
(II) if is additionally uniformly smooth and is defined as
then the mapping has the following properties:(i) is single-valued,(ii) is a firmly nonexpansive-type mapping, that is,
(iii),(iv) is a closed convex subset of ,(v) for all .
Proof. Define a bifunction by
It is easy to verify that satisfies the conditions (A1)–(A4). Therefore, the conclusions (I) and (II) follow immediately from Lemmas 2.8, 2.9, and 2.10.
Let be two maximal monotone operators in a smooth Banach space . We denote the resolvent operators of and by and for each , respectively. Then and are two single-valued mappings. Also, and for each , where and are the sets of fixed points of and , respectively. For each , the Yosida approximations of and are defined by and , respectively. It is known that
Lemma 2.12 (see [23]). Let be a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space, and let be a maximal monotone operator with . Then,
Lemma 2.13 (see [36]). Let and be two sequences of nonnegative real numbers such that for all . If , then exists.
3. Strong Convergence Theorem
In this section, we prove a strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solutions for a generalized equilibrium problem and the set for two maximal monotone operators and .
Theorem 3.1. Suppose that Assumption 2.1 is satisfied. Let be chosen arbitrarily. Consider the sequence
where
is defined by (2.14), satisfy
and satisfies . Then, the sequence converges strongly to , where is the generalized projection of onto .
Proof. For the sake of simplicity, we define
so that
We divide the proof into several steps.Step 1. We claim that is closed and convex for each .
Indeed, it is obvious that is closed and is closed and convex for each . Let us show that is convex. For and , put . It is sufficient to show that . We first write for each . Next, we prove that
is equivalent to