Signal transduction pathways during the priming phase of liver regeneration. Interactions between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes are also illustrated while other nonparenchymal cells are also possibly involved. AP-1, activator protein; C3aR, activated compliment 3 receptor; C5aR, activated compliment 5 receptor; Gadd45, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 45; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor B kinase; IL-6, interleukin-6; JAK, Janus-associated kinase; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; MKK7, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NEMO, nuclear factor B essential modulator; RIP, receptor interacting protein; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor ; TRIF, TIR-domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-.