|
| Clinical Manifestation |
|
| Phosphate () | Hypophosphataemia (normal range 0.8–1.45 mmol/l) presents as |
| Cardiovascular: heart failure, arrhythmia, hypotension, cardiomyopathy shock, death |
| Renal: acute tubular necrosis, metabolic acidosis |
| Skeleton: rhabdomyolysis, weakness, myalgia, diaphragm weakness |
| Neurology: delirium, coma, seizures, tetany |
| Endocrine: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, osteomalacia |
| Haematology: haemolysis, thrombocytopenia, leukocyte dysfunction |
|
| Potassium () | Hypokalemia (normal range 3.5–5.1 mmol/l) presents as |
| Cardiovascular: hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, bradycardia or tachycardia |
| Respiratory: hypoventilation, respiratory distress, respiratory failure |
| Skeleton: weakness, fatigue, muscle twitching |
| Gastrointestinal: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, paralytic ileus, constipation |
| Metabolic: metabolic alkalosis |
|
| Magnesium () | Hypomagnesaemia (normal range 0.77–1.33 mmol/l) presents as |
| Cardiovascular: paroxysmal atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, repolarisation alternans |
| Respiratory: hypoventilation, respiratory distress, respiratory failure |
| Neuromuscular: weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps (Trousseau and Chvostek) weakness, ataxia, vertigo, paresthesia, hallucinations, depression, convulsions |
| Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and constipation |
| Other: anaemia, hypocalcemia |
| NB: many cases of hypomagnesaemia do not manifest clinically till very late |
|
| Sodium () | Hyponatremia (normal range 136–145 mmol/l) ensues during RFS due to hyperglycaemia and presents as: |
| Cardiovascular: heart failure and arrhythmia |
| Respiratory: respiratory failure, pulmonary oedema. |
| Renal: renal failure |
| Skeleton: muscle cramps, fatigue, fluid retention and swelling (oedema) |
|
| Vitamins | Deficiency of thiamine (especially in alcoholism) presents as |
| Neurology: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Karsakoff’s psychosis, |
| Cardiovascular: congestive heart failure and lactic acidosis, beriberi, disease |
| Skeleton: muscle weakness |
|
