Functional Dyspepsia: Subtypes, Risk Factors, and Overlap with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Population of African Patients

Table 5

Risk factors of functional dyspepsia (univariate analysis).

FD Subtype	Risk factor	Standardized coefficient	95% Confidence interval	𝑃 value
PDS	Age	−0.087	−0.012 to 0.03	0.229
	Female sex	0.156	0.014 to 0.297	0.031*
	Concomitant IBS	0.260	0.036 to 0.116	<0.0001*
	Alcohol	0.348	0.239 to 0.539	<0.0001*
	Smoking	0.269	0.151 to 0.269	<0.0001*
	NSAID	0.111	−0.062 to 0.507	0.125
	Unemployment	0.058	−0.089 to 0.210	0.424
EPS	Age	0.067	−0.003 to 0.009	0.356
	Female sex	−0.026	−0.142 to 0.098	0.715
	Concomitant IBS	−0.253	−0.096 to −0.253	<0.0001
	Alcohol	0.188	−0.022 to 0.244	0.102
	Smoking	0.097	−0.044 to 0.231	0.182
	NSAID	0.132	−0.016 to 0.460	0.067
	Unemployment	0.069	−0.064 to 0.186	0.340
PDS+EPS	Age	−0.072	−0.012 to 0.004	0.321
	Female sex	0.086	−0.058 to 0.236	0.235
	Concomitant IBS	0.075	−0.020 to 0.066	0.298
	Alcohol	0.385	0.292 to 0.597	<0.0001*
	Smoking	0.297	0.191 to 0.516	<0.0001*
	NSAID	0.172	0.064 to 0.647	0.017*
	Unemployment	0.045	−0.106 to 0.203	0.536

FD: functional dyspepsia; PDS: postprandial distress syndrome; EPS: epigastric pain syndrome; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; NSAID: non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
*Statistically significant.