Biomarkers for Gastroesophageal Reflux in Respiratory Diseases

Table 1

Biomarkers studied in gastroesophageal reflux with respiratory illnesses.

Biosample	Serum	Sputum		Bronchoalveolar lavage		Exhaled air	Exhaled breath condensate
Studies found	22	34		71		7	16
Studies reviewed	2	11		21		4	8
Biomarkers studied	Eosinophil cationic protein	Bile acids	Pepsin	Bile acids	Pepsin	FeNO	Pepsin
	Neurotrophin 3	LLMI	IL-4, IL-6	LLMI	IL-1, IL-8, IL-15		IL-4, IL-6
	BDNF	Substance P	Neurokinin A	IFN-gamma	Myeloperoxidase		8-Isoprostane
	Nerve growth factor	Nerve growth factor	Mast cell tryptase	Lactate dehydrogenase	Protein carbonyls		pH
		8-Isoprostane	Histamine	DPPC	SP-A, SP-D		Calcium
		Prostaglandin D2	Fibrinogen	Elastase	pH		Magnesium
		Eosinophil cationic protein					Chloride