The Clinical Investigation of Disparity of Utility Values Associated with Gallstone Disease: A Pilot Study

Table 3

Univariate analysis of utility values for outpatient clinics participants (𝑛=108).

Variable	No	(%)	Utility value		𝑃 value for 𝑡-test or ANOVA
			Mean ± SD	95% CI
Sex
Male	48	44.4	0.88 ± 0.12	0.85–0.91	0.51
Female	60	55.6	0.90 ± 0.14	0.86–0.94
Age
<65 yrs	75	69.4	0.91 ± 0.13	0.88–0.94	0.02
≥65 yrs	33	30.6	0.85 ± 0.12	0.81–0.89
Gallstone disease (GSD)
No GSD	26	24.1	0.93 ± 0.11	0.89–0.97	0.02
Single stone	27	25.0	0.92 ± 0.14	0.88–0.97
Multiple stones	27	25.0	0.88 ± 0.10	0.84–0.92
Cholecystectomy	28	25.9	0.84 ± 0.14	0.79–0.89
Education
Senior high school or above	63	58.3	0.90 ± 0.12	0.87–0.93	0.45
Junior high school or below	45	41.7	0.88 ± 0.14	0.84–0.92
Marriage
Yes	72	66.7	0.91 ± 0.11	0.88–0.94	0.02
No or widow	36	33.3	0.84 ± 0.15	0.79–0.89
BMI
<25 Kg/m^2	43	39.8	0.90 ± 0.14	0.86–0.94	0.48
≥25 Kg/m^2	65	60.2	0.88 ± 0.12	0.85–0.91
Total cholesterol
<200 mg/dL	64	59.3	0.90 ± 0.14	0.87–0.94	0.19
≥200 mg/dL	44	40.7	0.87 ± 0.12	0.83–0.91
Triglyceride
<200 mg/dL	70	64.8	0.90 ± 0.13	0.87–0.93	0.20
≥200 mg/dL	38	35.2	0.87 ± 0.12	0.83–0.91
Fasting plasma glucose
<126 mg/dL	68	63.0	0.90 ± 0.13	0.87–0.93	0.35
≥126 mg/dL	40	37.0	0.88 ± 0.13	0.84–0.92
AST
<40 U/L	97	90.0	0.89 ± 0.13	0.86–0.92	0.64
≥40 U/L	11	10.0	0.87 ± 0.15	0.78–0.96
ALT
<40 U/L	95	88.0	0.89 ± 0.13	0.86–0.92	0.95
≥40 U/L	13	12.0	0.89 ± 0.14	0.81–0.97
Other chronic diseases
No	69	63.4	0.90 ± 0.13	0.87–0.93	0.26
Yes	39	36.6	0.87 ± 0.13	0.83–0.91