Functional Dyspepsia in Review: Pathophysiology and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management due to Coexisting Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Figure 1
Overlapping symptoms and pathophysiology of FD, GERD, and IBS. (a) Overlap between symptoms of FD, IBS, and GERD. Postprandial pain can be present in all three conditions. Heartburn can be seen in patients with FD in the absence of acid reflux while epigastric pain can be caused by reflux disorder. (b) Overlap between pathophysiology of FD, IBS, and GERD. Genetic factors are involved, and abnormal GI motility is the common mechanism in all three conditions.
