PP2A-Mediated Anticancer Therapy

Table 4

PP2A-activating drugs/protein.

Activating drugs/Proteins	Mechanism	Malignancies	Consequences	References
Ceramide	Activation of PP2A, leading to activation of GSK-3𝛽 or accumulation of p27	Prostate cancer	Apoptosis; Cell cycle arrest	[48, 49]
FTY720	Disrupt SET–PP2A interaction	Leukemia	Apoptosis	[51, 52]
Forskolin	Induces PP2A activity by increasing intracellular cAMP levels	Leukemia	Block proliferation; induce apoptosis	[62, 63]
Chloroethylnitrosourea	Augment methylation of PP2A, leading to Akt dephosphorylation	Melanoma	Reduce cell proliferation and survival	[64, 65]
Vitamin E analogues (i.e., 𝛼-tocopheryl succinate)	Reduce PKC𝛼 isotype (colon cancer) or inactivation of JNKs (prostate cancer) activity by increasing PP2A activity	Colon, prostate cancer	Apoptosis	[66, 67]
Carnosic acid	Downregulate AKT/IKK/NFκB by activation of PP2A	Prostate cancer	Apoptosis	[68]
Methylprednisolone	Upregulate PP2A B subunits	Myeloid leukemia	Cell differentiation	[69]
Dithiolethione	Increase PP2A concentration	Lung, breast cancer	Inhibit proliferation	[70]
E1A	Upregulate PP2A C subunits	Breast cancer	Apoptosis	[53]