|
| Authors | Study population | Diagnosis of NAFLD | Study measures | Main findings |
|
| Targher et al. [25] | 2103 diabetic patients | Ultrasound | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or over proteinuria | The prevalence of CKD was higher among patients with NAFLD than among without NAFLD () |
|
| Targher et al. [26] | 202 type 1 diabetic patients | Ultrasound | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urinary alb/creat ratio ≥ 30 mg/g | NAFLD is associated with increased risk of prevalent CKD |
|
| Hwang et al. [27] | 1.361 patients with impaired glucose tolerance or newly diagnosed diabetes | Ultrasound | Urinary alb/creat ratio ≥ 30 mg/g | NAFLD is associated with increased risk of prevalent microalbuminuria |
|
| Targher et al. [28] | National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2006; involved 13188 patients | Liver enzymes (GGT) | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urinary alb/creat ratio ≥ 30 mg/g | Elevated serum levels of GGT were associated with prevalent CKD |
|
| Yun et al. [29] | Health-examination survey of 37085 individuals | Liver enzymes (ALT) | eGFR | Individuals with ALT > 40 U/L had lower eGFR than those with ALT < 40 U/L |
|
| Lee et al. [30] | Framingham Heart Study; involved 3451 subjects | Liver enzymes (GGT) | Serum creatinine | No differences |
|
| Mikolasevic et al. [16] | 75 patients with CKD stage III and IV | Transient elastography (Fibroscan-CAP) | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | High prevalence of NAFLD in CKD patients. The severity of liver steatosis (defined by CAP values) was negatively correlated with kidney function |
|
| Yilmaz et al. [31] | 87 NAFLD patients | Biopsy | 24 hrs urinary albumin excretion rate | Microalbuminuria is associated with IR and liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients |
|
| Manco et al. [32] | 80 overweight or obese children with NAFLD and 59 age- and sex-matched children | Biopsy | Creatinine clearance and 24 hr urinary albumin excretion rate | No difference |
|
| Targher et al. [33] | 80 NASH patients matched with age-, sex- and BMI matched subjects without steatosis | Biopsy | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urinary alb/creat ratio ≥ 30 mg/g | NASH patients had higher frequency of CKD |
|
| Targher et al. [34] | Valpolicella Heart Diabetes Study; 1760 type 2 diabetic patients with normal kidney function; length of follow-up: 6.5 years | Ultrasonography | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or overt proteinuria | NAFLD is associated with increased risk of incident CKD |
|
| Ryu et al. [35] | 10.337 non-diabetic and non-hypertensive patients with normal kidney function; length of followup: 2.5 years | Liver enzymes (GGT) | eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or overt proteinuria | Elevated serum GGT levels are associated with increased risk of incident CKD |
|
