Comparisons of Esophageal Function Tests between Chinese and British Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Table 1

Demographic data and high-resolution manometry and impedance results and 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH recording of different groups.

Items	British	Chinese	Independent-sample -test or chi-square
	Age (mean ± SD, yr)	48.8 ± 13.4		53.5 ± 11.8
Male/Female,	28/31	39/43
BMI	24.6 ± 1.9	25.1 ± 2.1
LESP (mean ± SD, mmHg)	16.0 ± 8.6	16.5 ± 10.0
LESL (mean ± SD, cm)	3.1 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.5
LESRP (mean ± SD, mmHg)	2.6 ± 5.0	4.4 ± 4.7
IRP (mean ± SD, mmHg)	4.1 ± 4.6	9.0 ± 5.9	P < 0.001
UESP (mean ± SD, mmHg)	50.0 ± 30.8	75.0 ± 25.6	P < 0.001
DEA (mean ± SD, mmHg)	55.7 ± 30.2	58.9 ± 31.9
DCI (mean ± SD, mmHg⋅cm⋅s)	533.0 ± 540.1	535.8 ± 556.6
Peristalsis; normal/small break/large break	24/12/23	44/10/28
Total bolus transit time (s)	7.3 ± 1.3	7.6 ± 1.2
Complete bolus transit rate (%)	66.7 ± 37.8	61.7 ± 36.4
Hiatus hernia (%)	6 (10.1)	9 (10.9)
Demeester	24.4 ± 24.2	15.0 ± 12.8
Acid exposure upright (%)	7.6 ± 7.8	5.0 ± 5.5
Acid exposure recumbent (%)	6.6 ± 11.1	3.3 ± 5.0
Acid exposure total (%)	6.6 ± 7.0	4.1 ± 4.2
Bolus exposure upright (%)	5.4 ± 4.6	3.7 ± 0.5
Bolus exposure recumbent (%)	1.6 ± 3.2	1.2 ± 2.1
Bolus exposure total (%)	3.7 ± 3.6	2.5 ± 2.1
Proximal acid ()	30.3 ± 19.2	13.0 ± 9.4	P < 0.001
Proximal nonacid ()	17.2 ± 15.1	14.5 ± 12.7
Proximal total ()	47.2 ± 23.5	27.4 ± 16.1	P < 0.001
Acid reflux ()	40.1 ± 23.1	20.9 ± 12.8	P < 0.001
Nonacid reflux ()	34.0 ± 34.7	22.7 ± 15.8
Total reflux ()	74.8 ± 42.8	43.6 ± 24.0	P < 0.001

BMI: body mass index; LESP: lower esophageal sphincter pressure; LESL: length of lower esophageal sphincter; LESRP: lower esophageal sphincter residual pressure; IRP: integrated relaxation pressure; UESP: upper esophageal sphincter pressure; DEA: distal esophageal amplitude; DCI distal contractile integral.